Tezkor toʻtiqush: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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29-Noyabr 2022, 19:05 dagi koʻrinishi

Tezkor to'tiqush - (Lathamus discolor) keng dumli to'tiqush turi bo'lib, faqat Avstraliyaning janubi-sharqida uchraydi. Bu tur yozda Tasmaniya hududida ko'payadi va shimoldan janubi-sharqiy materik Avstraliyaga Griffitdan - Yangi Janubiy Walesdagi Varialdadan va qishda g'arbdan Adelaidaga ko'chib o'tadi. Bu ko'chmanchi migrant bo'lib, oziq-ovqat mavjud bo'lgandagina hududlarga joylashadi^[1].

Bu turdagi to'tilar jiddiy xavf ostida^[2]^[3], va ba'zi joylarda naslchilik urg'ochi va uyalariga kiritilgan shakar planerlarining (Petaurus breviceps shunaqa nomli to'ti turi, shakar planerlari deta tarjima qilingan) qattiq yirtqichlanishi kuzatilmagan ya'ni yirtqich emas, ammo potentsial jiddiy yangi tahdidni ko'rsatadi. Shakar planerining yirtqichligining darajasi daraxt kesish og'ir bo'lgan joylarda eng yomoni sanalarkan, bu tahdidlar sinergik tarzda o'zaro ularga ta'sir qilar ekan^[4]. Samarali populyatsiya sonining genetik dalillari shuni ko'rsatadiki, minimal potentsial populyatsiya soni hozirda 300 ta tez to'tiqush sonidan kam hisoblanadi^[5]. Genetik dalillar 2031-yilga kelib turning yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkinligini ko'rsatish uchun tezkor to'tiqushlar haqidagi demografik ma'lumotlardan foydalangan oldingi tadqiqotlar natijalarini tasdiqlaydi^[2]^[6].

Taksonomiyasi

Jarroh John White 1790-yilda chaqqon to'tiqushni qizil yelkali paroket (Psittacus discolor) deb ta'riflagan^[7]. U 1830-yilda Rene Primever Lesson tomonidan Lathamus jinsiga kiritilgan edi.

2011-yilda yadro va mitoxondriyal DNKni o'z ichiga olgan genetik tadqiqot bo'yicha natijalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, chaqqon to'tiqush taxminan 14 million yil oldin ajralib chiqqan Prosopeia, Eunymphicus va Cyanoramphus avlodlarini keltirib chiqaradigan naslning dastlabki novdasi bo'lgan ya'ni avvalgi nasliga borib taqaladi^[8].

"Tezkor to'tiqush" Xalqaro ornitologlar ittifoqi (XOQ) tomonidan rasmiy umumiy nom sifatida belgilangan^[9].

Tavsifi

Tezkor to'tiqush taxminan uzunligi 25 sm (10 in) tashkil etadi, uzun uchli qanotlari va uzun torayib ketgan quyruq patlari bor^[10]. U asosan yashil rangga ega bo'lib, ko'k rangli toj va tumshug'ining tepasida va ostidagi yuzida qizil rangga ega. Voyaga yetgan urg'ochisi biroz xiraroq rangda, balog'atga yetmaganida esa to'q jigarrang iris va och to'q sariq rangga egan bo'ladi^[11]. Peshonadan tomoqqa qip-qizil, shuningdek, qanotning tepasida, chetida qip-qizil yamoq bor. Ular shovqinli, doimo faol va namoyishkor ko'rsatadi, va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri parvozlari bilan juda tez harakat qiladi^[12].

Tarqatish

Genetik dalillar natijasi shuni ko'rsatdiki, tezkor to'tiqush har yili landshaft bo'ylab harakatlanadigan yagona, genetik jihatdan aralash va ko'chmanchi populyatsiyadir^[13]. Ko'chmanchi bo'lganligi sababli, tezkor to'tiqushlar juda katta potentsial hududda paydo bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ma'lum bir joyda yashab qolishi mahalliy oziq-ovqat mavjudligiga bog'liq^[1]^[14]. Biroq, Tasmaniya naslchilik oralig'ida tezkor to'tiqushlar ma'lum bir joyda uya qo'yish uchun oziq-ovqatga va yaqin joyda joylashgan tegishli uyaga muhtoj bo'lishadi^[15]. Tezkor to'tiqush har yili Tasmaniya va Avstraliyaning materik qismi o'rtasidagi Bass bo'g'ozi bo'ylab ko'chib o'tadi. Ular sentyabr oyida Tasmaniyaga keladi va mart va aprel oylarida janubi-sharqiy Avstraliyaga qaytib uchib ketadilar^[12]. Ularni shimolda janubi-sharqiy Queensland va g'arbda Janubiy Avstraliyadagi Adelaidagacha topish mumkin, garchi yaqinda kuzatuvlar shtatning janubi-sharqiy qismida cheklangan bo'lsada, tezkor to'tiqushlar ko'chmanchi migrantlar bo'lgani uchun^[1]ularning biron bir joyda paydo bo'lishini oldindan aytish qiyin. Garchi ular bir xil joylarga qayta-qayta qaytishsada, mahalliy hodisa faqat ma'lum bir yilda oziq-ovqat (gullaydigan daraxtlar) mavjud yoki yo'qligiga qarab vaqti-vaqti bilan sodir bo'lishi ham mumkin ya'ni qaytmasliklari ham mumkin ekan^[1].

Yashash joyi

Mudgereeba, SE Queensland, Australia

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 Webb, Matthew H.; Wotherspoon, Simon; Stojanovic, Dejan; Heinsohn, Robert; Cunningham, Ross; Bell, Phil; Terauds, Aleks (2014-08-01). "Location matters: Using spatially explicit occupancy models to predict the distribution of the highly mobile, endangered swift parrot" (en). Biological Conservation 176: 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.017. ISSN 0006-3207. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320714002055.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Heinsohn, Robert; Webb, Matthew; Lacy, Robert; Terauds, Aleks; Alderman, Rachael; Stojanovic, Dejan (2015-06-01). "A severe predator-induced population decline predicted for endangered, migratory swift parrots (Lathamus discolor)" (en). Biological Conservation 186: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.006. ISSN 0006-3207. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632071500110X.
↑ Webb, Matthew H.; Stojanovic, Dejan; Heinsohn, Robert (2019-06-18). "Policy failure and conservation paralysis for the critically endangered swift parrot" (en). Pacific Conservation Biology 25 (2): 116–123. doi:10.1071/PC18020. ISSN 2204-4604. https://www.publish.csiro.au/pc/PC18020.
↑ Stojanovic, Dejan; Webb, Matthew H.; Alderman, Rachael; Porfirio, Luciana L.; Heinsohn, Robert (2014). "Discovery of a novel predator reveals extreme but highly variable mortality for an endangered migratory bird" (en). Diversity and Distributions 20 (10): 1200–1207. doi:10.1111/ddi.12214. ISSN 1472-4642.
↑ Olah, G.; Stojanovic, D.; Webb, M. H.; Waples, R. S.; Heinsohn, R. (2020). "Comparison of three techniques for genetic estimation of effective population size in a critically endangered parrot" (en). Animal Conservation 24 (3): 491–498. doi:10.1111/acv.12655. ISSN 1469-1795.
↑ Heinsohn, Robert; Olah, George; Webb, Matthew; Peakall, Rod; Stojanovic, Dejan (2019). "Sex ratio bias and shared paternity reduce individual fitness and population viability in a critically endangered parrot" (en). Journal of Animal Ecology 88 (4): 502–510. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12922. ISSN 1365-2656. PMID 30511387.
↑ White, John. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales with Sixty-five Plates of Non-descript Animals, Birds, Lizards, Serpents, Curious Cones of Trees and Other Natural Productions. Debrett, 1790 — 263 bet.
↑ Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2011-06-01). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)" (en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59 (3): 675–684. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21453777. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790311001564.
↑ {{{editor}}}: „Parrots, Cockatoos“. World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union (2021). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 19-sentyabr.
↑ Pizzey, Graham (Graham Martin), 1930-. The Graham Pizzey & Frank Knight field guide to the birds of Australia, Knight, Frank, 1941-, Pymble, N.S.W.: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-207-19691-5. OCLC 677260679.
↑ „Swift Parrot - BirdLife Species Factsheet“. BirdLife International (2008).
↑ ^12,0 ^12,1 Forshaw, Joseph Michael.. Parrots of the world : an identification guide. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-691-09251-6. OCLC 57893782.
↑ Stojanovic, D.; Olah, G.; Webb, M.; Peakall, R.; Heinsohn, R. (2018). "Genetic evidence confirms severe extinction risk for critically endangered swift parrots: implications for conservation management" (en). Animal Conservation 21 (4): 313–323. doi:10.1111/acv.12394. ISSN 1469-1795.
↑ Saunders, Debra L.; Heinsohn, Robert (2008-03-01). "Winter habitat use by the endangered, migratory Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) in New South Wales". Emu - Austral Ornithology 108 (1): 81–89. doi:10.1071/MU07033. ISSN 0158-4197. https://doi.org/10.1071/MU07033.
↑ Webb, Matthew H.; Terauds, Aleks; Tulloch, Ayesha; Bell, Phil; Stojanovic, Dejan; Heinsohn, Robert (2017). "The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems" (es). Conservation Biology 31 (5): 1018–1028. doi:10.1111/cobi.12899. ISSN 1523-1739. PMID 28130909.

Adabiyotlari

So'nggi tadqiqot natijalari

Tezkor to'tiqush 2009-yildan beri Avstraliya Milliy Universitetining Fenner atrof-muhit va jamiyat maktabining Qiyin qushlar tadqiqot guruhi tomonidan o'rganilmoqda. Quyida ularning tadqiqot natijalari keltirilgan:

Webb MH, Holdsworth MC, Webb J (2012) "Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida turgan tez to'tiqushning ( Lathamus discolor ) uyasi talablari" . Emu 112:181–188.
Stoyanovich D, Webb MH, Roshier D, Saunders D, Heinsohn R (2012). "Yerga asoslangan tadqiqot usullari yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida turgan tez to'tiqush uchun mos daraxt bo'shliqlarining ko'pligini haddan tashqari baholaydi va kam baholaydi" . Emu - Avstraliya ornitologiyasi 112:350–356.
Stoyanovich D, Koch AJ, Webb M, Cunningham RB, Roshier D, Heinsohn R (2014). "Bo'shliqqa bog'liq yovvoyi tabiat uchun landshaft miqyosidagi rejalashtirish vositasini tasdiqlash" . Avstraliya ekologiyasi 39:579–586.
Stojanovic D, Webb MH, Alderman R, Porfirio LL, Heinsohn R, Beard K (2014). "Yangi yirtqichning kashfiyoti yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida turgan ko'chmanchi qushning o'lim darajasi o'ta, ammo o'zgaruvchanligini ko'rsatadi" . Xilma -xillik va taqsimot 20:1200–1207.
Saunders DL va Heinsohn R (2008). "Yangi Janubiy Uelsda yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan tez ko'chib yuruvchi to'tiqush ( Lathamus discolor ) tomonidan qishki yashash joylaridan foydalanish" . Emu - Avstraliya ornitologiyasi 108:81–89.
Webb MH, Wotherspoon S, Stojanovic D, Heinsohn R, Cunningham R, Bell P, Terauds A (2014). "Joylashuv muhim: juda harakatchan, yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida turgan tez to'tiqushning tarqalishini bashorat qilish uchun fazoviy aniq yashash modellaridan foydalanish" . Biologik muhofaza 176:99–108.
Heinsohn R, Webb M, Lacy R, Terauds A, Alderman R, Stojanovic D (2015). "Yirtqichlar tomonidan qo'zg'atilgan populyatsiyaning keskin qisqarishi xavf ostida bo'lgan, ko'chib yuruvchi tez to'tiqushlar ( Lathamus discolor )" . Biologik muhofaza 186:75–82.
Stojanovic D, Terauds A, Westgate MJ, Webb MH, Roshier D, Heinsohn R (2015). Eng boy yamoqlardan foydalanish ko'chib yuruvchi tez to'tiqush uchun foydali foyda keltiradi" . Journal of Animal Ecology 84:1194–1201.
Stoyanovich D, Webb Nee Voogdt J, Webb M, Kuk H, Heinsohn R (2016). "Yong'indan keyin ikkinchi darajali uyali qush uchun yashash joyini yo'qotish" . Oʻrmon ekologiyasi va boshqaruvi 360:235–241.
Saunders DL, Cunningham R, Wood J, Heinsohn R (2016). "Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostidagi ko'chib yuruvchi tez to'tiqushlarning o'zgaruvchan qishki qurg'oqchilikka javoblari" . Emu - Avstraliya ornitologiyasi 116:350–359.
Kassalar R, Rayner L, Stoyanovich D, Webb M, Heinsohn R (2017). "Avstraliyaning yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan qushlarida aniqlanmagan Allee ta'siri: saqlash uchun oqibatlari" . Emu - Avstraliya ornitologiyasi 117:207–221.
Stoyanovich D, Rayner L, Webb M, Heinsohn R (2017). "Uya bo'shlig'i morfologiyasining yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida turgan qushning reproduktiv muvaffaqiyatiga ta'siri" . Emu - Avstraliya ornitologiyasi 117:247–253.
Webb MH, Terauds A, Tulloch A, Bell P, Stojanovic D, Heinsohn R (2017). "Dinamik tizimlarda yuqori harakatchan turlarni saqlashni rejalashtirishga funktsional yashash joylarini kiritishning ahamiyati" . Tabiatni muhofaza qilish biologiyasi 31: 1018–1028.
Allen M, Webb Metyu X, Alves F, Heinsohn R, Stoyanovich D (2018). "Tasmaniya o'rmonlarida kiritilgan, yirtqich shakar planerining yashash shakllari" . Avstraliya ekologiyasi 43:470–475.
Kempbell CD, Sarre SD, Stoyanovich D, Gruber B, Medlok K, Xarris S, Makdonald AJ, Holleley Idoralar (2018). "Mahalliy tur qachon invaziv bo'ladi? Molekulyar va tarixiy ma'lumotlardan foydalangan holda yangi yirtqich marsupialning hujumi aniqlandi. . Turli xillik va taqsimot 24:831–840.
Stoyanovich D, Eyls S, Kuk H, Alves F, Webb M, Heinsohn R (2018). "Kichik tungi yirtqichlarni uya qutilaridan chiqarib tashlash uchun fotosensitiv avtomatlashtirilgan eshiklar" . Hayvonlarni muhofaza qilish 22:297–301.
Stoyanovich D, Olah G, Webb M, Peakall R, Heinsohn R (2018). "Genetik dalillar yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida turgan tez to'tiqushlar uchun jiddiy yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfini tasdiqlaydi: tabiatni muhofaza qilishni boshqarishga ta'siri" . Hayvonlarni muhofaza qilish 21:313–323.
Heinsohn R, Olah G, Webb M, Peakall R, Stojanovic D (2019). "Jinsiy nisbatning noto'g'riligi va umumiy otalik jiddiy xavf ostida bo'lgan to'tiqushda individual jismoniy tayyorgarlik va populyatsiyaning hayotiyligini pasaytiradi" . Journal of Animal Ecology 88:502–510.
Stoyanovich D, Kuk HCL, Sato C, Alves F, Xarris G, Makkernan A, Rayner L, Webb MH, Sazerlend WJ, Heinsohn R (2019). "Ko'chmanchi turlarni saqlab qolish chorasi sifatida oldingi chora-tadbirlar" . Yovvoyi tabiatni boshqarish jurnali 83:64–71.
Webb MH, Heinsohn R, Satherland WJ, Stojanovic D, Terauds A (2019). "Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostidagi ko'chmanchi migrant uchun mo'l-ko'lchilik munosabatlarining empirik va mexanik izohi" . Amerika tabiatshunosi 193:59-69.
Webb MH, Stoyanovich D, Heinsohn R (2019). "Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan tezkor to'tiqush uchun siyosatdagi muvaffaqiyatsizlik va tabiatni muhofaza qilish falaj" . Tinch okeanini muhofaza qilish biologiyasi 25:116–123.
Olah G, Stoyanovich D, Webb MH, Waples RS, Heinsohn R (2020). "Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan to'tiqushda samarali populyatsiya hajmini genetik baholashning uchta usulini taqqoslash" . Hayvonlarni muhofaza qilish . Matbuotda.
Ouens G, Xaynson R, Eyls S, Stoyanovich D (2020). "Yirtqichlar qo'ng'irog'ining avtomatik translyatsiyasi shakar planerlari tomonidan qushlarga yirtqich bosimini kamaytirmadi" . Ekologik boshqaruv va qayta tiklash . Matbuotda.

Havolalar

Media related to Lathamus discolor at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Lathamus discolor at Wikispecies

[:0-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 Webb, Matthew H.; Wotherspoon, Simon; Stojanovic, Dejan; Heinsohn, Robert; Cunningham, Ross; Bell, Phil; Terauds, Aleks (2014-08-01). "Location matters: Using spatially explicit occupancy models to predict the distribution of the highly mobile, endangered swift parrot" (en). Biological Conservation 176: 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.017. ISSN 0006-3207. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320714002055.

[:6-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Heinsohn, Robert; Webb, Matthew; Lacy, Robert; Terauds, Aleks; Alderman, Rachael; Stojanovic, Dejan (2015-06-01). "A severe predator-induced population decline predicted for endangered, migratory swift parrots (Lathamus discolor)" (en). Biological Conservation 186: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.006. ISSN 0006-3207. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632071500110X.

[:1-3] Webb, Matthew H.; Stojanovic, Dejan; Heinsohn, Robert (2019-06-18). "Policy failure and conservation paralysis for the critically endangered swift parrot" (en). Pacific Conservation Biology 25 (2): 116–123. doi:10.1071/PC18020. ISSN 2204-4604. https://www.publish.csiro.au/pc/PC18020.

[:2-4] Stojanovic, Dejan; Webb, Matthew H.; Alderman, Rachael; Porfirio, Luciana L.; Heinsohn, Robert (2014). "Discovery of a novel predator reveals extreme but highly variable mortality for an endangered migratory bird" (en). Diversity and Distributions 20 (10): 1200–1207. doi:10.1111/ddi.12214. ISSN 1472-4642.

[:7-5] Olah, G.; Stojanovic, D.; Webb, M. H.; Waples, R. S.; Heinsohn, R. (2020). "Comparison of three techniques for genetic estimation of effective population size in a critically endangered parrot" (en). Animal Conservation 24 (3): 491–498. doi:10.1111/acv.12655. ISSN 1469-1795.

[:8-6] Heinsohn, Robert; Olah, George; Webb, Matthew; Peakall, Rod; Stojanovic, Dejan (2019). "Sex ratio bias and shared paternity reduce individual fitness and population viability in a critically endangered parrot" (en). Journal of Animal Ecology 88 (4): 502–510. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12922. ISSN 1365-2656. PMID 30511387.

[7] White, John. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales with Sixty-five Plates of Non-descript Animals, Birds, Lizards, Serpents, Curious Cones of Trees and Other Natural Productions. Debrett, 1790 — 263 bet.

[8] Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2011-06-01). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)" (en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59 (3): 675–684. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21453777. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790311001564.

[ioclist-9] {{{editor}}}: „Parrots, Cockatoos“. World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union (2021). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 19-sentyabr.

[10] Pizzey, Graham (Graham Martin), 1930-. The Graham Pizzey & Frank Knight field guide to the birds of Australia, Knight, Frank, 1941-, Pymble, N.S.W.: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-207-19691-5. OCLC 677260679.

[BLI-11] „Swift Parrot - BirdLife Species Factsheet“. BirdLife International (2008).

[:9-12] 12,0 ^12,1 Forshaw, Joseph Michael.. Parrots of the world : an identification guide. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-691-09251-6. OCLC 57893782.

[:10-13] Stojanovic, D.; Olah, G.; Webb, M.; Peakall, R.; Heinsohn, R. (2018). "Genetic evidence confirms severe extinction risk for critically endangered swift parrots: implications for conservation management" (en). Animal Conservation 21 (4): 313–323. doi:10.1111/acv.12394. ISSN 1469-1795.

[:11-14] Saunders, Debra L.; Heinsohn, Robert (2008-03-01). "Winter habitat use by the endangered, migratory Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) in New South Wales". Emu - Austral Ornithology 108 (1): 81–89. doi:10.1071/MU07033. ISSN 0158-4197. https://doi.org/10.1071/MU07033.

[:4-15] Webb, Matthew H.; Terauds, Aleks; Tulloch, Ayesha; Bell, Phil; Stojanovic, Dejan; Heinsohn, Robert (2017). "The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems" (es). Conservation Biology 31 (5): 1018–1028. doi:10.1111/cobi.12899. ISSN 1523-1739. PMID 28130909.

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