Saurischia: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

Saurischians; ; Temporal range: ; ; Late Triassic – Present, 233.23–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Middle Triassic record
	Montage of six different representatives of saurischian dinosaurs.; ; 1st row (early saurischians):Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (herrerasaur),Eodromaeus murphi (basal theropod); 2nd row (theropods):Pelecanus occidentalis,Tyrannosaurus rex; 3rd row (sauropodomorphs):Apatosaurus louisae,Plateosaurus engelhardti.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia; ; Seeley, 1888
Subgroups
Saurischians of; ; uncertain affinity
	†Alwalkeria; †Chindesaurus; †Daemonosaurus; †Eodromaeus; †Saltopus?; †Tawa;

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Saurischia (talaffuzi: Sauriskye; yunonchadan sauros (σαῦρος) "sudraluvchi" va ischion ( ἴσχιον ) 'kaltakesak' degan ma'noni anglatadi)^[1] - son tuzilishi bo'yicha tasniflangan dinozavrlarning ikkita asosiy bo'linmasidan biri (ikkinchisi - Ornithischia). Saurishchia va Ornithischia dastlab 1888-yilda Harry Seeley tomonidan turkumlar deb atalgan^[2], ammo bugungi kunda ko'pchilik paleontologlar Saurishchia -ni turkum emas, balki unchalik katta bo'lmagan guruh sifatida tasniflashadi^[3]

Tavsifi

Barcha yirtqich dinozavrlar (teropodlarning ayrim turlari) an'anaviy ravishda barcha qushlar va fitofag dinozavrlarning ikkita asosiy turidan biri - sauropodomorflar kabi saurischianlar deb tasniflanadi. Bo'r davrining oxirida, bo'r-paleogen yo'qolib ketish hodisasi jarayonida qushlardan tashqari barcha saurischialar yo'q bo'lib ketishgan. Qushlar, bir guruh teropod dinozavrlarining to'g'ridan-to'g'ri avlodlari bo'lib, filogenetik tasnifga ko'ra, saurischia dinozavrlarning kichik guruhidir^[4].

Saurischia dinozavrlari an'anaviy ravishda ornithischia dinozavrlariga o`xshash uch qirrali tos tuzilishiga ega bo`lib, ularda tos suyagi oldinga qaraganligi bilan ajralib turadi. Ornithischialarning tos suyagi orqaga burilgan holda, tos suyagining pastki qismi bilan parallel ravishda to'rt qirrali tuzilishga ega bo'ladi. Saurischia dinozavrlarining son tuzilishi ularni "kaltakesak" dinozavrlar deb atalishiga olib kelgan, chunki zamonaviy kaltakesaklar va boshqa sudralib yuruvchilarda ajdodlarining son anatomiyasini saqlab qolishgan^[5].

Tasniflash

Saurishchian tos suyagi tuzilishi (chap tomon)
Tyrannosaurus tos suyagi (saurischi tuzilishini ko'rsatadi - chap tomon)
Ornithischian tos suyagi tuzilishi (chap tomon)
Edmontosaurus tos suyagi (ornitischi tuzilishini ko'rsatadi - chap tomon)

Seeley o`z maqolasida dinozavrlarning ikki guruhini nomlashda boshqa paleontologlar tomonidan an'anaviy dinozavrlar tartibini ajratish uchun ilgari surilgan tasniflash sxemalarini ko'rib chiqqan. U 1878-yilda Otniel Charles Marsh tomonidan ilgari surilgan, dinozavrlarni to'rt turkumini (Sauropoda, Theropoda, Ornithopoda va Stegosauria)^[2] o`rgangan.

Biroq, Seeley dinozavrlar guruhlari o'rtasidagi yagona asosiy farqni hisobga oladigan, ularni boshqa sudraluvchilardan ajratib turadigan xususiyatga asoslangan tasnifni shakllantirishni xohlagan. Seeley tasnif g`oyasini son suyaklari konfiguratsiyasidan topgan va Marshning barcha to'rtta turkumini ushbu son anatomiyasiga asoslanib ikkita katta guruhga ajratish mumkinligini aniqlagan. U Stegosauria va Ornithopoda turkumini Ornithischia ga, Theropoda va Sauropoda ni Saurishchia ichiga joylashtirgan. Bundan tashqari, Seeley ikki guruh o'rtasidagi son suyaklariga asoslangan va boshqa ko'plab farqlardan foydalanib, "dinozavrlar" umuman tabiiy guruh emas, balki ibtidoiy arxozavrlardan mustaqil ravishda paydo bo'lgan ikkita alohida tartib ekanligini ta'kidlagan^[2].

Phylogenetic position of saurischians in different topologies

Müller & Garcia, 2020^[6]

Novas et al., 2021^[7]

Saurischia

†Herrerasauridae

†Daemonosaurus

	†Tawa

	†Chindesaurus

	†Saltopus

	†Eodromaeus

Eusaurischia

	†Sauropodomorpha

	Theropoda

†Ornithischia (incl. "Silesauridae")

†Silesauridae

Dinosauria

†Ornithischia

Saurischia

†Herrerasauria

	†Daemonosaurus

	†Tawa

	†Chindesaurus

†Herrerasauridae

Eusaurischia

†Sauropodomorpha

Theropoda

	†Eodromaeus

	Neotheropoda

Ornithoscelida hypothesis. Taxa traditionally classified as saurischians are highlighted in green.

Baron et al., 2017^[8]

Cau, 2018^[9]

†Silesauridae

Dinosauria

†Saurischia

	†Herrerasauridae

	†Sauropodomorpha

(=Sauropodomorpha;
=Pachypodosauria^[10])

Ornithoscelida

	†Ornithischia

	Theropoda

† Silesauridae (incl. Pisanosaurus)

† Herrerasauria

	† Tawa

	† Daemonosaurus

† Herrerasauridae

Dinosauria

† Sauropodomorpha

† Eodromaeus

Ornithoscelida

	† Ornithischia

	Theropoda

Manbalar

↑ Oxford English Dictionary
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 "I. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 43 (258–265): 165–171. 31 December 1888. doi:10.1098/rspl.1887.0117. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "seeley1888" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). (2004). The Dinosauria. 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley. 833 pp.
↑ Padian, K. „Basal Avialae“,. The Dinosauria, Second Weishampel, David B.: , Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004 — 210–231 bet. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.
↑ Zanno, Lindsay E.; Gillette, David D.; Albright, L. Barry; Titus, Alan L. (7 October 2009). "A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in 'predatory' dinosaur evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1672): 3505–3511. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1029. PMID 19605396. PMC 2817200. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2817200.
↑ Müller, R.T.; Garcia, M.S. (2020). "A paraphyletic ‘Silesauridae’ as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs". Biology Letters 16: 20200417. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417.
↑ Novas, F.E.; Agnolin, F.L.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Müller, R.T.; Martinelli, A.; Langer, M. (2021). "Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 10: 103341. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341.
↑ Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (23 March 2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution". Nature 543 (7646): 501–506. doi:10.1038/nature21700.
↑ Cau, A. (2018). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana (1): 1–25. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2018.01.
↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named holtz2017

[1] Oxford English Dictionary

[seeley1888-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 "I. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 43 (258–265): 165–171. 31 December 1888. doi:10.1098/rspl.1887.0117. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "seeley1888" defined multiple times with different content

[dinosauria2-3] Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). (2004). The Dinosauria. 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley. 833 pp.

[padian2004-4] Padian, K. „Basal Avialae“,. The Dinosauria, Second Weishampel, David B.: , Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004 — 210–231 bet. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.

[zanno_omnivory-5] Zanno, Lindsay E.; Gillette, David D.; Albright, L. Barry; Titus, Alan L. (7 October 2009). "A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in 'predatory' dinosaur evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1672): 3505–3511. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1029. PMID 19605396. PMC 2817200. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2817200.

[6] Müller, R.T.; Garcia, M.S. (2020). "A paraphyletic ‘Silesauridae’ as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs". Biology Letters 16: 20200417. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417.

[novas2021-7] Novas, F.E.; Agnolin, F.L.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Müller, R.T.; Martinelli, A.; Langer, M. (2021). "Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 10: 103341. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341.

[baron2017-8] Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (23 March 2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution". Nature 543 (7646): 501–506. doi:10.1038/nature21700.

[cau2018-9] Cau, A. (2018). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana (1): 1–25. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2018.01.

[holtz2017-10] Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named holtz2017

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Kenja turkum:	Saurischia