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Urushlar oraligʻi davri

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Urushlar oraligʻi davri
11-noyabr 1918 – 1-sentabr 1939
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Birinchi jahon urushi Ikkinchi jahon urushi

20-asr tarixida “Urushlar oralig‘i davri” (lotincha:  inter bellum — “urushlar orasida”) deb atalgan davr 1918-yil 11-noyabrdan 1939-yil 1-sentyabrgacha davom etgan (20 yil, 9 oy, 21 kun). Bu davr Birinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlanganigacha bo‘lgan oraliqni tashkil etadi. Nisbatan qisqa bo‘lishiga qaramay, bu davr butun dunyo bo‘ylab katta ijtimoiy, siyosiy, harbiy va iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlar bilan ajralib turadi. Neft asosidagi energiya ishlab chiqarish va unga bog‘liq mexanizatsiya jarayonlari “Shiddatli yigirmanchi yillar” deb atalgan farovon davrni boshlab berdi. Bu davrda o‘rta sinf uchun ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy harakatchanlik kuchaydi. Avtomobillar, elektr yoritgichlar, radio va boshqa texnologiyalar birinchi dunyo mamlakatlarida keng tarqaldi. Ammo bu davrning farovonligi keyinchalik dunyoning ko‘plab yirik iqtisodiyotlariga jiddiy zarar yetkazgan global iqtisodiy inqiroz — Buyuk Depressiya bilan almashdi.

Siyosiy jihatdan bu davr Rossiyada Oktyabr inqilobi va Rossiyada fuqarolar urushi (Birinchi jahon urushi yakunida) bilan yuzaga kelgan kommunizmning yuksalishi bilan boshlangan va fashizmning kuchayishi(ayniqsa Germaniya va Italiyada) bilan yakunlangan. Xitoy esa bu paytda yarim asr davom etgan beqarorlik va fuqarolar urushi ichida edi. Urush Kuomintang, Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi va turli qo’mondonlar o‘rtasida kechgan. Britaniya, Fransiya va boshqa imperiyalar esa yangi siyosiy bosimlarga duch keldi: imperializm tobora salbiy hodisa sifatida qaralib, ko‘plab mustamlakalarda mustaqillik harakatlari vujudga keldi. Yevropada esa uzoq davom etgan past darajadagi qurolli to‘qnashuvlardan so‘ng Irlandiyaning katta qismi mustaqillikka erishdi.

Bu davrda Rossiya, Usmonli, Avstriya-Vengriya va Germaniya imperiyalari parchalandi. Usmonli hududlari hamda Germaniya mustamlakalari ittifoqchi davlatlar, asosan Britaniya va Fransiya o‘rtasida qayta taqsimlandi. Rossiya imperiyasining g‘arbiy hududlari — Estoniya, Finlandiya, Latviya, Litva va Polsha — mustaqil davlatlar sifatida vujudga keldi. Bessarabiya (hozirgi Moldova va Ukrainaning bir qismi) esa Ruminiya bilan qayta birlashish yo‘lini tanladi.

Rossiyada bolsheviklar Belarus, Ukraina, Markaziy Osiyo va Kavkaz ustidan nazoratni qayta tiklab, Sovet Ittifoqini tuzdilar. Yaqin Sharqda esa Misr va Iroq mustaqillikka erishdi. Buyuk depressiya davrida Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlari o‘z iqtisodiyotini mustahkamlash maqsadida ko‘plab xorijiy (asosan AQShga tegishli) kompaniyalarni milliylashtirdilar. Shu bilan birga, Yaponiya, Italiya va Germaniyaning hududiy ekspansiya siyosati ularning o‘z ta’sir doiralarini kengaytirishiga olib keldi[1]. Sovetlar ham bu davrda hududiy da’volarni saqlab qolgan holda, Birinchi jahon urushidan keyingi xalqaro kelishuvlarni qayta ko‘rib chiqishga intildi[2].

Harbiy sohada bu davr texnologik yuksalishning tezlashuvi bilan ajralib turdi. Birinchi jahon urushi tajribasi asosida yangi strategik va taktik yondashuvlar shakllandi. Ko‘plab sohalarda Birinchi jahon urushi davrida paydo bo‘lgan texnologiyalar takomillashtirilgan bo‘lsa-da, ularni qanday eng samarali qo‘llash masalasida jiddiy bahslar yuzaga keldi[3]. Quruqlikdagi janglarda asosiy muhokama zirhli, mexanizatsiyalashgan va motorizatsiyalashgan qo‘shinlarni qanday ishlatish, xususan, ular oddiy piyoda qo‘shinlari, otliq qo‘shinlar va artilleriyaga nisbatan qanday o‘rin tutishi kerakligi haqida bo‘lgan[4][5]. Havo kuchlarida esa asosiy bahs strategik bombardimonlar va front chizig‘ida yaqin havo yordami o‘rtasida resurs taqsimoti haqida kechdi. Ayrimlar qiruvchi samolyotlar bombardimonchilardan tezroq rivojlanmoqda, deb hisoblasa, boshqalar “bombardimonchi har doim o‘z nishoniga yetadi” degan qarashni himoya qilgan[6]. Dengiz harbiy sohasida esa “linkorlar dengizlardagi hukmronligini saqlab qola oladimi yoki dengiz aviatsiyasi tufayli ular amalda ahamiyatini yo‘qotadimi?” degan savol dolzarb edi[7][8].

Ikkinchi jahon urushi voqealari aynan shu urushlar oralig‘i davridagi harbiy bahslar va texnologik tajribalarning amaliy sinovi bo‘ldi; natijada ular zamonaviy urush doktrinalari, strategiyalari va taktikalarining shakllanishiga asos soldi[9][10]. Umuman olganda, Birinchi jahon urushi va urushlar oralig‘i davrida yuz bergan yangiliklar an’anaviy front chizig‘iga asoslangan urushlardan voz kechish, buning o‘rniga harakatchan, mexanizatsiyalashgan va assimetrik jang uslublariga o‘tish davrini boshlab berdi.

Manbalar

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  1. ↑ Creswell, Michael H. „The Collapse of the Versailles System“, . The Oxford Handbook of World War II (en). Oxford University Press, 2023 — 23–25-bet. ISBN 978-0-19-934179-5. „Efforts to promote disarmament produced another failure during the interwar years... Britain was simply unable to meet its domestic challenges and simultaneously guard its empire, take part in the League of Nations, and confront the territorial ambitions of Germany, Italy, and Japan.“ 
  2. ↑ Overy, Richard. The Inter-War Crisis: 1919–1939, 1st, London, United Kingdom: Longman Group Limited, 1994 — 75–76-bet. ISBN 0-582-35379-3. „[...]the Soviet Union harbored very specific ambitions to overturn the post-[World War I] territorial arrangements as soon as opportunity presented itself[...] Soviet leaders were never reconciled to the loss of former Tsarist territory in eastern Europe, particularly the loss of Russian Poland, and they hoped at some point, like Germany, to revise the post-war settlement in their favour.“ 
  3. ↑ „Military aircraft – Interwar, Developments, Technology | Britannica“ (2024-yil 24-iyun).
  4. ↑ Murray, Williamson „Armored warfare: The British, French, and German experiences“, . Military Innovation in the Interwar Period, 1996 — 6–49-bet. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511601019.002. ISBN 978-0-521-55241-7. 
  5. ↑ Carter, Daniel S. (June 2005). Innovation, Wargaming, and the Development of Armored Warfare (PDF) (M. Poli. Sci. thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  6. ↑ „Interwar Airpower, Grand Strategy, and Military Innovation: Germany vs. Great Britain“ (2018-yil 28-fevral).
  7. ↑ „Incubate Innovation: Aviation Lessons from the Interwar Period“ (2019-yil dekabr).
  8. ↑ „Innovation for the Interwar Years“ (1998-yil fevral).
  9. ↑ „The Great Debate“.
  10. ↑ „How did WWI reshape the modern world?“ (2018-yil 9-noyabr).

Adabiyotlar

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  • Cambon, Jules, ed.; The Foreign Policy of the Powers (1935) Essays by experts which cover France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States; online free
  • Clark, Linda Darus, ed.; Interwar America: 1920–1940: Primary Sources in U.S. History (2001)
  • Cohrs, Patrick O.; "The First 'Real' Peace Settlements after the First World War: Britain, the United States and the Accords of London and Locarno, 1923–1925;" Contemporary European History 12.1 (2003): 1-31
  • Costigliola, Frank C.; Awkward dominion: American political, economic, and cultural relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Cornell University Press, 2018)
  • Dailey, Andy, and David G. Williamson; (2012) Peacemaking, Peacekeeping: International Relations 1918–36 (2012) 244 pp; textbook, heavily illustrated with diagrams and contemporary photographs and color posters
  • Doumanis, Nicholas, ed.; The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 (Oxford University Press, 2016)
  • Duus, Peter, ed.; The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, The Twentieth Century (1989) pp 53–153, 217–340; online
  • Feinstein, Charles H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo; The World Economy Between the World Wars (Oxford UP, 2008); a standard scholarly survey
  • Freeman, Robert; The InterWar Years (1919–1939) (2014), brief survey
  • Frieden, Jeff; "Sectoral conflict and foreign economic policy, 1914–1940;" International Organization 42.1 (1988): 59–90; focus on US policy. Template loop detected: Andoza:Doi
    This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by handUrushlar oraligʻi davri]]
  • Garraty, John A.; The Great Depression: An Inquiry into the Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-1930s, As Seen by Contemporaries (1986)
  • Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm; A Short History of International Affairs, 1920 to 1934 (Oxford UP, 1952)
  • Grenville, J. A. S.. A History of the World in the Twentieth Century, 2000 — 77–254-bet.  online free to borrow
  • Grift, Liesbeth van de, and Amalia Ribi Forclaz, eds.; Governing the Rural in Interwar Europe (2017)
  • Grossman, Mark ed.; Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939 (2000)
  • Hasluck, E. L.; Foreign Affairs 1919 to 1937 (Cambridge University Press, 1938)
  • Hicks, John D.; Republican Ascendancy, 1921–1933 (1960) for U.S.; online
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J.. The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991, 1994.  – a view from the Left
  • Kaser, M. C. and E. A. Radice, eds.; The Economic History of Eastern Europe 1919–1975: Volume II: Interwar Policy, The War, and Reconstruction (1987)
  • Keylor, William R.. The Twentieth-Century World: An International History, 4th, 2001. 
  • Koshar, Rudy; Splintered Classes: Politics and the Lower Middle Classes in Interwar Europe (1990)
  • Kynaston, David. Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013. Bloomsbury, 2017 — 290–376-bet. ISBN 978-1408868560. 
  • Luebbert, Gregory M.; Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe; (Oxford UP, 1991)
  • Marks, Sally. The Ebbing of European Ascendancy: An International History of the World 1914–1945. Oxford UP, 2002 — 121–342-bet. 
  • Matera, Marc, and Susan Kingsley Kent; The Global 1930s: The International Decade (Routledge, 2017); excerpt
  • Mazower, Mark (1997), „Minorities and the League of Nations in interwar Europe“, Daedalus, 126 (2): 47–63, JSTOR 20027428
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  • Mowat, C. L. ed. (1968); The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945 (2nd ed.); – 25 chapters by experts; 845 pp; the first edition (1960) edited by David Thompson has the same title but numerous different chapters.
  • Mowat, Charles Loch; Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940 (1955), 690pp; thorough scholarly coverage; emphasis on politics; online
  • Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett, eds.; Military Innovation in the Interwar Period (1998)
  • Newman, Sarah, and Matt Houlbrook, eds.; The Press and Popular Culture in Interwar Europe (2015)
  • Overy, R. J.; The Inter-War Crisis 1919–1939 (2nd ed. 2007)
  • Rothschild, Joseph; East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars (University of Washington Press, 2017)
  • Seton-Watson, Hugh; (1945) Eastern Europe Between The Wars 1918–1941; (1945) online
  • Somervell, D.C.. The Reign of King George V, 1936.  – 550 pp; wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910–35
  • Sontag, Raymond James; A Broken World, 1919–1939 (1972); online ; wide-ranging survey of European history
  • Steiner, Zara; The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933; New York: Oxford UP, 2008
  • Steiner, Zara; The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939. New York: Oxford UP, 2011
  • Toynbee, A. J.; Survey of International Affairs 1920–1923 (1924); online; Survey of International Affairs annual 1920–1937; online; Survey of International Affairs 1924 (1925); Survey of International Affairs 1925 (1926); online; Survey of International Affairs 1924 (1925); online; Survey of International Affairs 1927 (1928); online; Survey of International Affairs 1928 (1929); online; Survey of International Affairs 1929 (1930); online; Survey of International Affairs 1932 (1933); online; Survey of International Affairs 1934 (1935), focus on Europe, Middle East, Far East; Survey of International Affairs 1936 (1937); online
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  • Zachmann, Urs Matthias; Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919–33 (2017)

Tarixshunoslik

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  • Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds.; Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present (2020) free download; full coverage for major countries
  • Jacobson, Jon; "Is there a New International History of the 1920s?;" American Historical Review 88.3 (1983): 617–645
  • Sontag, Raymond James; "Between the Wars". Pacific Historical Review 29.1 (1960): 1–17, JSTOR 3636283

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