Turkiy sulolalar va davlatlar roʻyxati
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Quyidagi jadvalda kelib chiqishi turkiylardan boʻlgan xalqlar asos solgan davlatlar roʻyxati keltirilgan. Bugungi kunda dunyo xaritasida 6 ta mustaqil turkiy davlatlar mavjud.
Kamida bitta davlat mustaqilligini tan olgan turkiy davlatlar[tahrir]
Bugungi mustaqil davlatlar[tahrir]
Nomi | Yili | Mustaqillik kuni | |
---|---|---|---|
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1923 | 75 % Turklar | 1923-yil 29-oktabr |
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1991 | 2009 — 91.6 % Ozarbayjonlar, 0.43 % Mesxetin turklari, 0.29 % Tatarlar.[1] | 1918-yil 28-may |
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1991 | 63.1 % Qozoqlar, 2.9 % Oʻzbeklar, 1.4 % Uygʻurlar, 1.3 % Tatarlar, 0.6 % Mesxetin turklari, 0.5 % Ozarbayjonlar, 0.1 % Qirgʻizlar.[2] | 1925-yil 19-iyun |
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1991 | 70.9 % Qirgʻizlar, 14.3 % Oʻzbeklar, 0.9 % Uygʻurlar, 0.7 % Mesxetin turklari, 0.6 % Qozoqlar, 0.6 % Tatarlar, 0.3 % Ozarbayjonlar.[3] | 1924-yil 14-oktabr |
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1991 | 75.6 % Turkmanlar, 9.2 % Oʻzbeklar, 2.0 % Qozoqlar, 1.1 % Mesxetin turklari 0.7 % Tatarlar[4] | 1991-yil 27-oktabr |
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1991 | 71.4 % Oʻzbeklar, 4.1 % Qozoqlar, 2.4 % Tatarlar, 2.1 % Qoraqalpoqlar, 1 % Qrim tatarlari, 0.8 % Qirgʻizlar, 0.6 % Turkmanlar, 0.5 % Mesxetin turklari, 0.2 % Ozarbayjonlar, 0.2 % Uygʻurlar, 0.2 % Boshqirdlar.[5] | 1924-yil 27-oktabr |
Qisman tan olingan davlat[tahrir]
Faqat Turkiya tomonidan mustaqilligi tan olingan.
Nomi | Yili | |
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1983 | 67.54 % Qibris turklari, 32.45 % turklar[manba kerak] |
Rossiyaning federal sub’ektlari (respublikalari)[tahrir]
Nomi | |
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2010 — 29.5 % Boshqirdlar, 25.4 % Tatarlar, 2.7 % Chuvashlar |
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2010 — 67.7 % Chuvashlar, 2.8 % Tatarlar |
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2010 — 41.0 % Qorachoylar, 3.3 % No`g`aylar |
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2010 — 53.2 % Tatarlar, 3.1 % Chuvashlar |
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2010 — 82 % Tuvalar, 0.4 % Xakaslar |
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2010 — 49.9 % Yoqutlar, 0.2 % Dolganlar, 0.9 % Tatarlar |
Name | |
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2010 — 34.5 % Oltoylar, 6.2 % Qozoqlar |
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2010 — 12.7 % Bolqorlar |
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2014 — 12.6 % Qrim tatarlar, 2.3 % Tatarlar |
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2010 — 12.1 % Xakaslar |
Avtanom hududlar[tahrir]
Nomi | |
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2004 — 82.1 % Gagauzlar.[7] |
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36 % Oʻzbeklar, 32 % Qoraqalpoqlar, 25 % Qozoqlar[8] |
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99 % Ozarbayjonlar[9] |
Xitoy | |
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2000 — 45.21 % Uygʻurlar, 6.74 % Qozoqlar, 0.86 % Qirgʻizlar, 0.066 % Oʻzbeklar, 0.024 % Tatarlar, 0.02 % Salarlar |
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2010 — 64.68 % Uygʻurlar, 27.32 % Qirgʻizlar |
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2015 — 26.77 % Qozoqlar, 17.45 % Uygʻurlar |
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2000 — 34.01 % Qozoqlar, 0.16 % Uygʻurlar, 0.03 % Tatarlar |
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Qozoqlar |
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2000 — 61.14 % Salarlar |
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Salarlar |
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Sariq uygʻurlar |
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Qozoqlar |
Tarixiy turkiy birlashmalar, sulolalar va davlatlar[tahrir]
Qabila birlashmalari[tahrir]
Royal clans[tahrir]
- Ashina (Turk xoqonligi, Gʻarbiy turk xoqonligi, Sharqiy Turk xoqonligi, Xazarlar, Nushibi)
- Ashide (Empress clan of Ikkinchi Turkiy Xoqonlik)
- Yaglakar (Uygʻur xoqonligi, Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom)
- Ädiz (Uygʻur hoqonligi)
- Dulo (Volga-Kama Bulgʻoriyasi)
- Bulanid (Xazar xoqonligi)
- Osman (Usmonlilar imperiyasi)
- Bahri (Mamluklar davlati)
- Sarkar (Shirvan Khanate)
- Javanshir (Karabakh Khanate)
- Terterids (Second Bulgarian Empire)
Turkiy sulolalar va davlatlar[tahrir]
Nomi | Notes | Yil | Poytaxt | Xarita |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Bumin tomonidan 552-yilda asos solingan. | 552-580 | Otukan | ![]() |
Gʻarbiy Turk xoqonligi | 593-659 | Nevkat and Suyob | ![]() | |
Sharqiy Turk xoqonligi | 581-630 639-650 |
Ordu Baliq | ![]() | |
Sirtordush | 628-646 | |||
Kangar Ittifoqi | 659-750 | Ulytau | ![]() | |
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665-850 | Kabul | ![]() | |
Ikkinchi Turk xoqonligi | Eltarish xoqon asos solgan. Undan oldin Birinchi Turk xoqonligi (552-630) va undan keyin Tan hukmronligi davri (630-682) bo'lgan. | 682-744 | Otukan | ![]() |
Turkash xoqonligi | Dulu Turklari tomonidan tashkil etilgan konfederatsiya. Gʻarbiy turk xoqonligi qulagandan so'ng mustaqil bo'lib, 699-yilda xoqonlikka asos soldilar. Turkash xoqonligi 766-yilda Qarluqlar tomonidan vayron qilingan. | 699-766 | Balasagun | ![]() |
Kimek–Kipchak Konfederatsiyasi | 743-1220 | Khagan-Kimek Imekia | ![]() | |
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744-848 | Ordu Baliq | ![]() | |
Oghuz Yabgu Davlati | 750-1055 | Yangikent | ![]() | |
Karluk Yabgu State | 756-940 | Suyab later Balasagun | ![]() | |
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840-1212 | Balasagun, Kashgar, Samarkand | ![]() | |
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate | 840-1207 | |||
Kingdom of Qocho | 856-1335 | Gaochang, Beshbalik | ![]() | |
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860-1091 | ![]() | ||
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom | 894-1036 | Zhangye | ![]() | |
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900-1220 | ![]() | ||
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11th-16th century | Many such as Karaman, Sinop, Adana, Alanya, Kahramanmaraş. | ![]() | |
Ahmadilis | 1122-1209 | Maragha | ![]() | |
Eldiguzids | ca.1135-1225 | Nakhchivan (city) and Hamadan | ||
Salghurids | 1148-1282 | Fars Province | ||
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Turk imperiyasi sifatida ham tanilgan. Usmonli imperiyasi-1299-yilda shimoli-G'arbiy Anatoliyada O'g'uz Turklari asos solgan imperiya. | 1299-1923 | Söğüt 1299-1335, Bursa 1335-1413, Edirne 1413-1453, Istanbul 1453-1922 | ![]() |
Qora qoʻyunlilar davlati | Kara Koyunlu turkman qabila Federatsiyasi edi. | 1375-1468 | Tabriz | ![]() |
Emirate of Kasgharia | Qashg'ar viloyatida qisqa yashagan amirlik. | 1865-1877 | Kashgar |
Yevropa[tahrir]
Nomi | Notes | Yil | Poytaxt | Xarita |
---|---|---|---|---|
Xazar xoqonligi | Xazarlar-yarim ko'chmanchi turkiy xalq bo'lib, G'arbiy Gokturk xoqonligi parchalangandan keyin vujudga keladigan eng qudratli davlat edi. | 6th-11th century | Balanjar 650-720 ca., Samandar (sharar) 720s-750, Atil 750-ca.965-969 | ![]() |
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632-668 | Phanagoria 632-665 | ![]() | |
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Tengrist Turkic pre-Christianization;[12] became Slavic post-Christianization | 681-1018 | Pliska 681-893, Preslav 893-972, Skopje 972-992, Ohrid 992-1018 | ![]() |
Volga-Kama Bulgʻoriyasi | 7th century-1240s | Bolghar, Bilär | ||
Terter dynasty | 1280-1323 | ![]() |
Yaqin Sharq va Shimoliy Afrika[tahrir]
Name | Notes | Years | Capital | Xarita |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tuluniylar | Tuluniylar turkiyzabon sulola bo'lib, Misrni, shuningdek, Suriyaning ko'p qismini boshqargan ilk mustaqil sulola edi. | 868-905 | al-Qatta'i | |
Ixshidiylar | Unga Abbosiylar xalifaligida Turk qul askari asos solgan. | 935-969 | ||
Burid Dynasty | 1104-1154 | Damashq | ![]() | |
Zengidlar Sulolasi | O'g'uz Turklari asos solgan sulola | 1127-1250 | Halab | |
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Mamluk Sultonligining birinchi yarmini Qipchoq turkiyzabon Bahri sulolasi boshqargan. | 1250-1389 | Qohira | ![]() |
Assaf dynasty | Bayrut va Jbeil o'rtasidagi maydonni nazorat qildi. | 1306-1591 | Gʻazira |
Magʻrib hududi[tahrir]
Name | Notes | Years | Capital | Xarita |
---|---|---|---|---|
Karamanli dynasty | Qaramanli sulola 1711-yildan 1835-yilgacha Tripolitaniya (Tripoli va hozirgi Liviya atrofi) da hukmronlik qilgan sulola edi. Sulolaning asoschisi Pasha Ahmad Karamanli, Karamaniylar avlodidan bo'lgan | 1711-1835 | Tripoli | ![]() |
Hindiston hududi[tahrir]
Name | Notes | Years | Capital | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi) | Mamluk Dynasty was directed into Northern India by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a Turkic Mamluk slave general from Central Asia. The Mamluk Dynasty ruled from 1206 to 1290.[13][14][15] | 1206-1290 | Dehli | |
Qarlughid Dynasty | 1224-1266 | Gʻazna, Bomiyon | ||
Khalji Dynasty | 1290-1320 | Dehli | ![]() | |
Tugʻloqiylar | 1320-1414 | Dehli | ||
Ilyas Shahi dynasty | 1342-1487 | Sonargaon | ![]() | |
Bahmani Sultanate | 1347-1527 | Gulbarga (1347-1425) Bidar (1425-1527) |
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1342-1538 1555-1576 |
Gaur Pandua Sonargaon |
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Malwa Sultanate | 1392-1562 | Dhar and Mandu | ||
Bidar Sultanate | 1489-1619 | ![]() | ||
Adil Shahi dynasty | 1490-1686 | Bijapur | ![]() | |
1518-1687 | Golconda / Hyderabad | ![]() | ||
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Unga keyingi davrlarda fors tilini qabul qilgan turkiy-mo'g'ul hukmdori Bobur asos solgan. | 1526-1857 | Agra 1526-1571, Fatehpur Sikri 1571-1585, Lahore 1585-1598, Agra 1598-1648, Shahjahanabad/Delhi 1648-1857 | ![]() |
Tarkhan Dynasty | 1554-1591 | Sindh | ||
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1724-1948 | Hyderabad | ![]() |
Xitoylashgan turkiy sulolalar[tahrir]
The Shatuo Turks founded several sinicized dynasties in northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The official language of these dynasties was Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names.
Nomi | Notes | Yil | Poytaxt | Xarita |
---|---|---|---|---|
Great Yan | Bosh An Lushan Tang sulolasiga qarshi isyon olib. | 756-763 | Luoyang 756-757, Yecheng 757-759, Fanyang 759, Luoyang 759-762 | |
Later Tang | 923-936 | Daming County 923, Luoyang 923-936 | ![]() | |
Later Jin[16] | The Later Jin founder, Shi Jingtang, claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry. | 936-947 | Taiyuan 936, Luoyang 937, Kaifeng 937-947 | ![]() |
Later Han | Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[17] | 947-951 | Kaifeng | |
Northern Han | Same family as Later Han. Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[17] | 951-979 | Taiyuan |
Turk-fors davlatlari[tahrir]
Turk-fors urf-odati boʻyicha tashkil etilgan davlatlar. Koʻplab Turk-Fors davlatlari hozirgi Sharqiy Turkiya, Eron, Iroq, Turkmaniston va Oʻzbekistonda tashkil etilgan.[18]
Nomi | Yil | Poytaxt | Xarita | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gʻaznaviylar imperiyasi | Turkiy mamlukdan kelib chiqqan keyinchalik forsiylashgan sulola.[19][20] | 962-1186 | Gʻazni 977-1163, Lohur 1163-1186 | |
Saljuqiylar davlati | Oʻgʻuz turklarining[21][22] Qiniq qabilasi boshqargan davlat.[19][23][24][25] | 1037-1194 | Nishopur 1037-1043, Ray 1043-1051, Isfahon 1051-1118, Hamadon Gʻarbiy poytaxt 1118-1194, Marv Sharqiy poytaxt (1118-1153) | ![]() |
Rûm sultonligi | Forslashgan Oʻgʻuz turklari[26] | 1077-1307 | Iznik, Koʻniya | |
Xorazmshohlar imperiyasi | Ruled by a family of Turkic mamluk origin.[27] | 1077-1231/1256 | Gurganj 1077-1212, Samarqand 1212-1220, Gʻazna 1220-1221, Tabriz 1225-1231 | |
Oq qoʻyunli | Oʻgʻuzlarning Bayandar urugʻidan boʻlgan qabila.[28] | 1378-1501 | Diyorbakir 1453-1471, Tabriz 1468 — 6-yanvar, 1478 | ![]() |
Turk-moʻgʻul davlatlari[tahrir]
Nomi | Yillar | Poytaxt | Izohlar | Xarita |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chigʻatoy ulusi | 1225-1340s | Olmaliq, Qarshi | ![]() | |
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1240s-1502 | Saroybotu | Oltin Oʻrda dastlab moʻgʻullar davlati hisoblangan va keyichalik turkiylashgan. | ![]() |
Sufi sulolasi | 1361-1379 | |||
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1370-1506 | Samarqand 1370-1505, Hirot 1505-1507 | Amir Temur asos solgan oʻrta asrlarning buyuk davlati. | |
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1428-1599 | Samarqand 1501-1533, Buxoro 1533-1601 | ||
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1438-1552 | Qozon | ![]() | |
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1441-1783 | Boqchasaroy | Chingizxonning nevarasi Joʻji avlodi boʻlgan Hoji I Girey asos solgan davlat. | ![]() |
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1440s-1634 | Saroychiq | Chingizxonning avlodi Noʻgʻay xon tomonidan asos solingan davlat. [29] | ![]() |
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1456-1847 | Turkiston | Joʻjixonning avlodi Kirayxon va Jonibekxonlar asos solgan davlat. | ![]() |
Katta oʻrda | 1466-1502 | Saroy | ![]() | |
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1466-1556 | Xojitaron | ![]() | |
Sibir xonligi | 1490-1598 | 1493-yilgacha Tyumen, 1493-yildan Qashliq | ![]() | |
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1500-1785 | Buxoro | ![]() | |
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Yadgorlar: 1511-1804[30] Qoʻngʻirotlar 1804-1920 | Xiva | ![]() | |
Yorkent xonligi | 1514-1705 | Yorkent | ![]() | |
Argun sulolasi | 1520-1554 | Bukkur | ||
Kichik Nogʻay oʻrda | 1449 yoki 1557-1783 | Voli Sarai | ||
Belgorod oʻrdasi | XVII-XVIII asrlar | ![]() | ||
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1709-1876 | Qoʻqon | ![]() | |
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1785-1920 | Buxoro | ![]() |
Vassal xonliklar[tahrir]
The following list is only of vassal khanates of Turkic origin, which were ruled by of another descent peoples.
Nomi | Notes | Yil | Poytaxt | Xarita |
---|---|---|---|---|
Qasim Khanate | Turk-moʻgʻul davlati | 1452-1681 | Kasimov | ![]() |
Kumul Khanate | Turk-moʻgʻul davlati | 1696-1930 | Hami City | ![]() |
Sobiq Muvaqqat hukumatlar va respublikalar[tahrir]
Nomi | Notes | Yil | Xarita | Poytaxt |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Republic of Western Thrace was a small, short-lived partially recognized republic established in Western Thrace from August 31 to October 25, 1913. It encompassed the area surrounded by the rivers Maritsa (Evros) in the east, Mesta (Nestos) in the west, the Rhodope Mountains in the north and the Aegean Sea in the south. Its total territory was c. 8.600 km².[31] | 1913 | Komotini | |
Crimean Peopleʼs Republic existed from December 1917 to January 1918 in Crimea. Crimean Peopleʼs Republic was the first Turkic and Muslim democratic republic in the history. | 1917-1918 | Bakhchysarai | ||
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1917-1918 | |||
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A provisional autonomous Kazakh-Kyrgyz administration. Later integrated into Soviet Union under Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic umbrella. | 1917-1920 | Semey | |
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1918-1919 | Nakhchivan (city) | ||
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1918-1919 | Kars | ||
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1918-1920 | Ganja, Azerbaijan until Sep 1918, Baku | ||
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Government of the Grand National Assembly, also called Ankara Government was a provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based in Ankara during the Turkish War of Independence. It was succeeded by Turkey after the Treaty of Lausanne. | 1920-1923 | ![]() |
Ankara |
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1921-1944 | ![]() |
Kyzyl | |
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First East Turkestan Republic was a short-lived breakaway would-be Islamic republic founded in 1933. It was centered on the city of Kashgar in what is today the People's Republic of China-administered Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. | 1933-1934 | ![]() |
Kashgar |
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Hatay State, also known informally as the Republic of Hatay, was a transitional political entity that existed from September 7, 1938, to June 29, 1939, in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939. | 1938-1939 | ![]() |
Antakya |
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1944-1949 | ![]() |
Ghulja | |
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Established in Iranian Azerbaijan, the APGʻs capital was the city of Tabriz. Its establishment and demise were a part of the Iran crisis, which was a precursor to the Cold War. | 1945-1946 | ![]() |
Tabriz |
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1963-1967 | ![]() |
Nicosia | |
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1967-1974 | ![]() |
Nicosia | |
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1974-1975 | ![]() |
Nicosia | |
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Was declared in 1975 and existing until 1983. It was not recognized by the international community. It was succeeded by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. | 1975-1983 | ![]() |
Nicosia |
Sovet respublikalari[tahrir]
Nomi | Izoh | Yil | Xarita | Poytaxt |
---|---|---|---|---|
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1920-1924 | ![]() |
Xiva | |
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1920-1924 | ![]() |
Buxoro | |
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1920-1991 | ![]() |
Boku | |
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1924-1991 | ![]() |
Samarqand 1924-1930, Toshkent 1930-1991 | |
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1924-1991 | ![]() |
Ashxobod | |
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1936-1991 | ![]() |
Olmaota | |
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1936-1991 | ![]() |
Bishkek |
Avtanom Sovet respublikalari[tahrir]
Nomi | Izohlar | Yillar | Xarita | Poytaxt |
---|---|---|---|---|
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1918-1924 | ![]() |
Toshkent | |
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1919-1990 | Ufa | ||
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1920-1925 | Orenburg | ||
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1920-1990 | Qozon | ||
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1922-1991 | ![]() |
Yakutsk | |
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1921-1924 | ![]() |
Vladikavkaz | |
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1921-1990 | ![]() |
Naxichevan (shahar) | |
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1925-1936 | ![]() |
Olmaota | |
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1925-1992 | Cheboksari | ||
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1932-1992 | Nukus | ||
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1936-1991 | ![]() |
Nalchik | |
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1944-1957 | |||
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1921-1945 | Simferopol | ||
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1961-1992 | ![]() |
||
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1990-1992 | ![]() |
Gorno-Altaysk |
Sovet Ittifoqining avtonom viloyatlari[tahrir]
Nomi | Izohlar | Yillar | Xarita | Poytaxt |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chuvash avtonom viloyati | 1920-1925 | Cheboksari | ||
Kabardino-Balkar avtonom viloyati | 1921-1936 | Nalchik | ||
Qorachoy-Cherkess avtonom viloyati | 1922-1926 | Cherkessk | ||
Togʻli-Oltoy avtonom viloyati | 1922-1991 | |||
Qora-Qirgʻiz avtonom viloyati | 1924-1936 | Bishkek | ||
Qoraqalpoq avtonom viloyati | 1925-1932 | To‘rtko‘l | ||
Qorachoy avtonom viloyati | 1926-1957 | Mikoyan Shakhar | ||
Xakas avtonom viloyati | 1930-1992 | |||
Tuva avtonom viloyati | 1944-1961 | ![]() |
Qizil |
Shuningdek qarang[tahrir]
Manbalar[tahrir]
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Demographics of Kazakhstan.
- ↑ Demographics of Kyrgyzstan
- ↑ Demographics of Turkmenistan
- ↑ Demographics of Uzbekistan
- ↑ Recognized only by Turkey and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, see Cyprus dispute.
- ↑ Gagauzia
- ↑ Der Fischer Weltalmanach 2011, Artikel „Karakalpakstan“, S. 496
- ↑ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm
- ↑ Encyclopedia of European peoples, Vol.1, Ed. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, (Infobase Publishing Inc., 2006), 475; „The Kipchaks were a loose tribal confederation of Turkics…“.
- ↑ Vásáry, István, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6; „..two Turkic confederacies, the Kipchaks and the Cumans, had merged by the twelfth century.“.
- ↑ (2011) Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500–700, 308.
- ↑ Walsh, pp. 68-70
- ↑ Anzalone, p. 100
- ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books, 72–80. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ↑ Wudai Shi, ch. 75. Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his patrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a „Chinese“ emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures Shi Que and Shi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty in the early 3rd century.
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 According to Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 99, and New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 10. Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin. According to Wudai Huiyao, vol. 1 Liu Zhiyuanʼs great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of Emperor Ming of Han
- ↑ Lewis, Bernard. „Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire“, p29. Published 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1060-0.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK Arxivlandi 2007-03-11Wayback Machine saytida.): "… here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints …"
- ↑ Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p.27: "… „Sabuktegin, the son of Jūkān, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Fīrūz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia. …“
- ↑ Jonathan Dewald, „Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World“, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2004, p. 24
- ↑ Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens". Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies) 13 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75.
- ↑ K.A. Luther, „Alp Arslān“ in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "… Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially Nezām-al-molk …"
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "… Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship …"
- ↑ O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK Arxivlandi 2012-01-22Wayback Machine saytida.)
- ↑ 1.Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, 29; „Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and Central Asia“, „The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian…“.
- ↑ M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
- ↑ C.E. Bosworth and R. Bulliet, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual , Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-231-10714-5, p. 275.
- ↑ Khodarkovsky, Russiaʼs Steppe Frontier p. 9
- ↑ Compiled after Y. Bregel, ed. (1999), Firdaws al-iqbal; History of Khorezm. Leiden: Brill.
- ↑ Panayotis D. Cangelaris – The Western Thrace Autonomous Government "Muhtariyet" Issue (1913) Philatelic Exhibit. Cangelaris.com. 2016-09-25.
- ↑ 32,0 32,1 [2] KIBRIS’TA ESKİ YÖNETİMLER
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