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Theravada

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Theravāda (/ˌtɛrəˈvɑːdə/;[a] soʻzma-soʻz „Keksalar maktabi“; 上座部佛教)[1][2]) – bu buddizmning eng qadimgi maktabidir[1][2].

Mazkur maktabning izdoshlari Theravādinlar deb ataladi (Pali tilidagi theravādī soʻzidan inglizchalashgan shakli)[3][4]. Ular Budda taʼlimoti yoki Dhammaning oʻzlariga xos talqinini ikki ming yildan ortiq vaqt davomida saqlab kelmoqdalar[1][2][web 1].

Pali kanoni hindiy tillar oilasiga mansub eng toʻliq saqlanib qolgan qadimiy buddist matnlar toʻplamidir. Undagi til – pali tili – Theravāda uchun muqaddas til hisoblanadi[2] va shu bilan birga umumiy lingua franca rolini oʻynaydi[5].

Mahāyāna va Vajrayāna maktablaridan farqli oʻlaroq, Theravāda doktrina (pariyatti) va monastik tartib (vinaya) borasida konservativlikka moyildir[6]. Bu konservativlikning bir jihati shuki, Theravādada Mahayana sutralarining haqqoniyligi inkor etiladi (ular taxminan miloddan avvalgi I asrdan boshlab paydo boʻlgan)[7][8]. Shu bois, Theravāda Mahāyāna anʼanalarida eʼtirof etilgan Amitābha, Vairocana kabi koʻplab Budda va bodhisattvalarni tan olmaydi, chunki ular Theravāda muqaddas matnlarida uchramaydi[9].

Theravāda Hindistondagi qadimgi Sthavira nikāya maktabidan kelib chiqqan. Bu anʼana Hindiston va Shri-Lankada miloddan avvalgi III asrdan boshlab jiddiy rivojlana boshlagan. Pali kanoni yozma shaklda tuzilib, unga keng sharhlar yozilgan davrda bu eng yuqori nuqtasiga chiqqan[10][11][12].

Bu maktabda Hindiston uning tarixiy vatani sifatida, Shri-Lanka asosiy rivojlanish markazi sifatida eʼtirof etiladi. Keyinchalik, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoga yoyilib, u yerda ustun buddist oqimga aylangan[13].

Bugungi kunda Theravāda – Shri-Lanka, Myanma va Kambodjaning rasmiy dini hisoblanadi. Laos va Tailandda esa u eng keng tarqalgan shakldagi buddizm yoʻanlishidir. Shuningdek, u Hindiston, Bangladesh, Xitoy, Nepal, Shimoliy Koreya, Vyetnam, Filippin, Indoneziya, Malayziya va Tayvandagi ayrim ozchilik aholi tomonidan ham asosiy din hisoblanadi.

Ushbu hududlar diasporasi hamda dunyo boʻylab yangi izdoshlar ham Theravāda buddizmini oʻzlashtirib, amalda qoʻllashmoqda.

Zamonaviy davrda Theravāda ichida yangi oqimlar ham shakllandi, masalan, buddist modernizm, Theravāda meditatsiya amaliyotini qayta jonlantirgan Vipassana harakati[web 1], oʻrmon monastirlik hayotini tiklashga qaratilgan Tailand oʻrmon anʼanasi va shuningdek bu maktabning Hindiston va Nepal, shuningdek Yevropa Ittifoqi va AQSh kabi Gʻarbiy mamlakatlarga tarqalishi bunga misoldir.

Izohlar

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  1. ↑ sing. ථේරවාදය; bir.: ထေရဝါဒ; taycha: เถรวาท; kxmer. ថេរវាទ, UNGEGN: Thérôvéat km; laoscha: ເຖຣະວາດ; Koreyscha (Munhvaŏ): 테라바다; Andoza:Lang-pi
  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Erik Braun (2014), Meditation en masse. How colonialism sparked the global Vipassana movement. (Wayback Machine saytida 31 October 2018 sanasida arxivlangan).

Manbalar

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu (muh.), In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, Somerville, Massachusets: Wisdom Publications, ix-bet, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Reynolds, Frank E.; Kitagawa, Joseph M.; Nakamura, Hajime; Lopez, Donald S.; Tucci, Giuseppe (2018), „Theravada“, britannica.com, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  3. ↑ „Theravādin, Theravādan, Theravādist“ (en). Discuss & Discover (2018-yil 7-mart). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-avgust.
  4. ↑ „Pali word for "Theravada Buddhist" - Dhamma Wheel Buddhist Forum“. www.dhammawheel.com. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-avgust.
  5. ↑ Crosby, Kate (2013), Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity, p. 2.
  6. ↑ Gombrich, Richard (2006), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge; 2nd edition, p. 37.
  7. ↑ Hay, Jeff (2009). "World Religions" p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
  8. ↑ Buswell, Robert E (2004). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (2004), p. 293.
  9. ↑ Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Routledge, 2008, p. 21.
  10. ↑ Sujato, Bhikkhu. Sects & Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist schools. Perth: Santipada, 2012 — 101-bet. ISBN 9781921842085. 
  11. ↑ Keown, Damien. A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 9780198605607. 
  12. ↑ Access to Insight „What is Theravada Buddhism?“. Access to Insight (2005). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 10-dekabr.
  13. ↑ Prebish, Charles S. (1975), Buddhism – a modern perspective, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, ISBN 0271011858, OCLC 1103133

Adabiyotlar

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
  • Braun, Eric (2018), The Insight Revolution, Lion's Roar
  • Buswell, Robert, muh. (2004), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, MacMillan
  • Crosby, Kate (2013), Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity, Wiley-Blackwell
  • Dutt, Nalinaksha (1998), Buddhist Sects in India, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
  • Fronsdal, Gil (1998), Insight Meditation in the United States: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, qaraldi: 8 January 2017
  • Gombrich, Richard F. (1996), Theravāda Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, London and New York: Routledge
  • Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), How Buddhism Began. The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
  • Gomez, Luis O. (1991), Purifying Gold: The Metaphor of Effort and Intuition in Buddhist Thought and Practice. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor)(1991), Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
  • Gunaratana, Henepola (1994), The Path of Serenity and Insight, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
  • Kalupahana, David J. (1994), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
  • McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195183276
  • Nyanaponika (1998), Het hart van boeddhistische meditatie (The heart of Buddhist Meditation), Asoka
  • Polak, Grzegorz (2011), Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology, UMCS
  • Salgado, Nirmala S. (November 2013), Buddhist Nuns and Gendered Practice: In Search of the Female Renunciant, OUP, ISBN 978-0-19-976001-5
  • Sharf, Robert H. (October 1995), „Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience“ (PDF), Numen, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 42 (3): 228–283, doi:10.1163/1568527952598549, hdl:2027.42/43810, ISSN 0029-5973, qaraldi: 20 January 2016 — University of California, Berkeley (from author website at Dept. of Buddhist Studies, UC Berkeley)
  • Tiyavanich, K. (1997), Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand, University of Hawaii Press
  • Tuchrello, William P. (n.d.), The Society and Its Environment. (Religion: Historical Background section), Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
  • Warder, A.K. (2000), Indian Buddhism, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
  • Wilson, Jeff (2014), Mindful America: The Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American Culture, Oxford University Press

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