Sud pretsedenti

Pretsedent – bu sudning keyingi, mazmunan bir xil yoki oʻxshash ishlarni koʻrib chiqishda sudlar uchun huquqiy asos vazifasini bajaradigan qaroridir^[1]^[2]^[3]. Umumiy huquq tizimlari uchun asosiy tushuncha boʻlgan pretsedent stare decisis („qabul qilingan qarorlarga tayanish“) tamoyili asosida amal qiladi. Ushbu tamoyilga koʻra, ilgari qabul qilingan sud qarorlari kelajakdagi ishlarni hal etishda qoʻllaniladigan ish yuritish huquqi sifatida xizmat qiladi, bu esa huquqiy barqarorlik va oldindan bashorat qilish imkonini taʼminlaydi^[2]^[4]^[5].

Pretsedent Umumiy huquq tizimlarini roman-german huquq tizimlaridan ajratib turadigan asosiy xususiyatdir. Umumiy huquqda pretsedent sudlar amal qilishi shart boʻlgan (majburiy) yoki ular hisobga olishi mumkin, ammo amal qilishi shart boʻlmagan (tavsiyaviy) boʻlishi mumkin. roman-german huquq tizimlarida esa, asosan, toʻliq kodifikatsiya qilingan qonunlar va batafsil normativ hujjatlar ustuvor boʻlib, pretsedentga kam eʼtibor qaratiladi (qarang: Oʻzgarmas sud amaliyoti). Bunday tizimlarda sudyalar asosan faktlarni aniqlash va qonun normalarini qoʻllashga yoʻnaltiriladi^[6].

Umumiy huquq tizimlaridagi sudlar koʻp jihatdan sud amaliyotiga tayanadi^[7]. Bu muayyan masalalar yoki mavzular boʻyicha oldingi sud qarorlari bilan oʻrnatilgan pretsedentlar va huquqiy tamoyillar toʻplamini anglatadi. Sud amaliyotining rivojlanishi ushbu qarorlarni advokatlar, sudlar va keng jamoatchilik foydalanishi uchun huquqiy hisobotlarda tizimli ravishda nashr etish va indekslashga bogʻliq^[8].

Umuman olganda, huquqiy pretsedent quyidagicha boʻlishi mumkin:

qoʻllash (agar pretsedent majburiy boʻlsa) / qabul qilish (agar pretsedent tavsiyaviy boʻlsa), agar oldingi qarorga asos boʻlgan tamoyillar keyingi ishning masalalarini baholash uchun tegishli ravishda ishlatilgan boʻlsa;
farqlash, agar oldingi qarorga asos boʻlgan tamoyillar muayyan faktik vaziyatlarga xos yoki ularga asoslangan deb topilsa va keyingi ishdagi faktlarning yoʻqligi yoki sezilarli farqi tufayli qoʻllanilmasa;
oʻzgartirish, agar ayni sud yuqori instansiya sudining koʻrsatmasiga koʻra, oʻsha ishni qayta koʻrib chiqishda oldingi qarorning bir yoki bir necha qismini oʻzgartirgan boʻlsa;
bekor qilish, agar yuqori sud yoki oʻsha sudning oʻzi yangi ish doirasida oldingi qaror tamoyillarini notoʻgʻri deb topsa yoki yangi qonunchilik bilan ular oʻz kuchini yoʻqotsa, pretsedent bekor qilinadi.

Roman-german huquq tizimida

Stare decisis tamoyili odatda roman-german huquq tizimlarida qoʻllanilmaydi, chunki u faqat qonun chiqaruvchi organ qonun yaratishi mumkin degan legislativ pozitivizm prinsipiga zid hisoblanadi. Buning oʻrniga roman-german huquq tizim tizimi jurisprudence constante doktrinasiga tayanadi. Ushbu doktrinaga koʻra, agar sud bir xil masala boʻyicha izchil va asosli qarorlar qabul qilib kelsa, avvalgi qarorlar yuqori darajada ishontiruvchi kuchga ega boʻladi, biroq ular huquqiy jihatdan majburiy hisoblanmaydi.

Yana qarang

Manbalar

↑ „precedent“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Precedent refers to a court decision that is considered an authority for deciding subsequent cases involving identical or similar facts, or similar legal issues. Precedent is incorporated into the doctrine of stare decisis and requires courts to apply the law in the same manner to cases with the same facts."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 27-noyabr.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 „The Common Law and Civil Law Traditions“. Berkeley Law (2016). — „"Common law is generally uncodified. This means that there is no comprehensive compilation of legal rules and statutes. While common law does rely on some scattered statutes, which are legislative decisions, it is largely based on precedent, meaning the judicial decisions that have already been made in similar cases. These precedents are maintained over time through the records of the courts as well as historically documented in collections of case law known as yearbooks and reports. The precedents to be applied in the decision of each new case are determined by the presiding judge."“. 2024-yil 22-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 4-dekabr.
↑ „Glossary of Legal Terms | United States Courts“ (en). www.uscourts.gov. — „"A court decision in an earlier case with facts and legal issues similar to a dispute currently before a court. Judges will generally 'follow precedentʻ - meaning that they use the principles established in earlier cases to decide new cases that have similar facts and raise similar legal issues. A judge will disregard precedent if a party can show that the earlier case was wrongly decided, or that it differed in some significant way from the current case."“. 2024-yil 3-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 5-dekabr.
↑ „stare decisis“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Stare decisis is the doctrine that courts will adhere to precedent in making their decisions. Stare decisis means "to stand by things decided" in Latin. When a court faces a legal argument, if a previous court has ruled on the same or a closely related issue, then the court will make their decision in alignment with the previous court's decision."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 27-noyabr.
↑ „Understanding Stare Decisis“ (en). www.americanbar.org. — „"Stare Decisis—a Latin term that means 'let the decision stand' or 'to stand by things decided'—is a foundational concept in the American legal system. To put it simply, stare decisis holds that courts and judges should honor 'precedent'—or the decisions, rulings, and opinions from prior cases. Respect for precedents gives the law consistency and makes interpretations of the law more predictable—and less seemingly random."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 27-noyabr.
↑ „civil law“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Civil law, as a legal system, refers to a popular way of structuring legal systems around broad codes and detailed statutes that determines the rights and obligations of individuals, without any emphasis on the role of precedent, courts, judges, and juries as in common law countries. Civil law countries typically are characterized by their emphasis on the codified law only with judges playing the main role of finding the facts and applying the law in courts. The civil law system has its roots in the rediscovery of Roman Law in the Middle Ages, with influences from many other legal systems. Today, civil law continues to be the most common legal system in the world."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-noyabr.
↑ „case law“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Case law is law that is based on judicial decisions rather than law based on constitutions, statutes, or regulations. Case law concerns unique disputes resolved by courts using the concrete facts of a case. By contrast, statutes and regulations are written abstractly. Case law, also used interchangeably with common law, refers to the collection of precedents and authority set by previous judicial decisions on a particular issue or topic."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 1-dekabr.
↑ „Law report | Common Law Cases & Judgments | Britannica“ (en). www.britannica.com. — „Law report, in common law, published record of a judicial decision that is cited by lawyers and judges for their use as precedent in subsequent cases. The report of a decision ordinarily contains the title of the case, a statement of the facts giving rise to the litigation, and its history in the courts. It then reproduces the opinion of the court and concludes with the courtʼs judgment—affirming or reversing the judgment of the court below. The report of a modern decision is usually preceded by an analytic summary of the opinion, called a headnote, that states the points decided.“. 2024-yil 24-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 1-dekabr.

Adabiyotlar

'Богдановская И. Ю., Прецедентное право. — М.: Наука, 1993. — 239 с.
Богдановская И. Ю., Судебный прецедент — источник права? // Государство и право. 2002. № 12. С. 5-10.
Кросс Р., Прецедент в английском праве. — М., 1985. — 238 с.
Марченко М. Н., Судебный прецедент: разнообразие понятий и многообразие форм проявления // Журнал российского права. 2006. № 6. С. 96-107.
Малиновский А. А., Судебная практика как источник уголовного права (сравнительно-правовые аспекты // Международное уголовное право и международная юстиция. – 2010. – № 3. – С. 3-6.
Вишневский Г. А., Единство судебного правоприменения как способ обеспечения верховенства права // Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2011. № 2. С. 8-15.
Вишневский Г. А., Формирование высшим судом правовой позиции как основание для возобновления производства по делу и верховенство права// Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2014. № 1. С. 70–79

Havolalar

Максимов А. А. Прецедент как один из источников английского права
Vikiiqtibosdagi Precedent bilan bogʻliq iqtiboslar

[1] „precedent“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Precedent refers to a court decision that is considered an authority for deciding subsequent cases involving identical or similar facts, or similar legal issues. Precedent is incorporated into the doctrine of stare decisis and requires courts to apply the law in the same manner to cases with the same facts."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 27-noyabr.

[Civil_Law-2] 2,0 ^2,1 „The Common Law and Civil Law Traditions“. Berkeley Law (2016). — „"Common law is generally uncodified. This means that there is no comprehensive compilation of legal rules and statutes. While common law does rely on some scattered statutes, which are legislative decisions, it is largely based on precedent, meaning the judicial decisions that have already been made in similar cases. These precedents are maintained over time through the records of the courts as well as historically documented in collections of case law known as yearbooks and reports. The precedents to be applied in the decision of each new case are determined by the presiding judge."“. 2024-yil 22-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 4-dekabr.

[3] „Glossary of Legal Terms | United States Courts“ (en). www.uscourts.gov. — „"A court decision in an earlier case with facts and legal issues similar to a dispute currently before a court. Judges will generally 'follow precedentʻ - meaning that they use the principles established in earlier cases to decide new cases that have similar facts and raise similar legal issues. A judge will disregard precedent if a party can show that the earlier case was wrongly decided, or that it differed in some significant way from the current case."“. 2024-yil 3-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 5-dekabr.

[:3-4] „stare decisis“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Stare decisis is the doctrine that courts will adhere to precedent in making their decisions. Stare decisis means "to stand by things decided" in Latin. When a court faces a legal argument, if a previous court has ruled on the same or a closely related issue, then the court will make their decision in alignment with the previous court's decision."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 27-noyabr.

[5] „Understanding Stare Decisis“ (en). www.americanbar.org. — „"Stare Decisis—a Latin term that means 'let the decision stand' or 'to stand by things decided'—is a foundational concept in the American legal system. To put it simply, stare decisis holds that courts and judges should honor 'precedent'—or the decisions, rulings, and opinions from prior cases. Respect for precedents gives the law consistency and makes interpretations of the law more predictable—and less seemingly random."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 27-noyabr.

[6] „civil law“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Civil law, as a legal system, refers to a popular way of structuring legal systems around broad codes and detailed statutes that determines the rights and obligations of individuals, without any emphasis on the role of precedent, courts, judges, and juries as in common law countries. Civil law countries typically are characterized by their emphasis on the codified law only with judges playing the main role of finding the facts and applying the law in courts. The civil law system has its roots in the rediscovery of Roman Law in the Middle Ages, with influences from many other legal systems. Today, civil law continues to be the most common legal system in the world."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-noyabr.

[7] „case law“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Case law is law that is based on judicial decisions rather than law based on constitutions, statutes, or regulations. Case law concerns unique disputes resolved by courts using the concrete facts of a case. By contrast, statutes and regulations are written abstractly. Case law, also used interchangeably with common law, refers to the collection of precedents and authority set by previous judicial decisions on a particular issue or topic."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 1-dekabr.

[:0-8] „Law report | Common Law Cases & Judgments | Britannica“ (en). www.britannica.com. — „Law report, in common law, published record of a judicial decision that is cited by lawyers and judges for their use as precedent in subsequent cases. The report of a decision ordinarily contains the title of the case, a statement of the facts giving rise to the litigation, and its history in the courts. It then reproduces the opinion of the court and concludes with the courtʼs judgment—affirming or reversing the judgment of the court below. The report of a modern decision is usually preceded by an analytic summary of the opinion, called a headnote, that states the points decided.“. 2024-yil 24-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 1-dekabr.

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