Sindarin

Sindarin
Milliy nomi	Sindarin
Til oilasi	sunʼiy tillar badiiy tillar toʻqima tillar Sindarin
Alifbosi	Tengvar (asosiy), Kirt
Til kodlari
ISO 639-3	sjn

Sindarin – J. R. R. Tolkien tomonidan uning Ardada, asosan Oʻrta Yerda kechadigan fantastik hikoyalari uchun yaratilgan sunʼiy tillardan biridir. Sindarin elflar tomonidan soʻzlashilgan koʻplab tillardan biri hisoblanadi.

Sindarin soʻzi Quenya tilida „Kulrang elflar tili“ maʼnosini anglatadi. Chunki u Belerianddagi Kulrang elflarning tili boʻlgan. Ular Uchinchi qabilaga mansub elflar boʻlib, Buyuk sayohatdan keyin Beleriandda qolib ketgan edilar. Ularning tili dengiz oshib ketgan qarindoshlarining tilidan ajralib qolgan. Sindarin undan avvalgi til – Umumiy Telerindan kelib chiqqan boʻlib, u esa Umumiy Eldarindan rivojlangan. Umumiy Eldarin Eldar xalqlari boʻlinishidan oldin soʻzlashilgan til boʻlib, Oromë Valaniga ergashib Valinorga Buyuk yurishga otlangan elflar shu tilda gaplashgan. Undan ham avvalroq Eldarlar barcha elflarning dastlabki tili – Ibtidoiy Quendianda soʻzlashganlar. Tolkien Sindarin fonologiyasi va grammatikasining ayrim jihatlarini adabiy uels tiliga asoslagan. Sindarinda kelt tillariga xos boʻlgan undosh tovushlarning oʻzgarishlari ham namoyon boʻladi.

Adabiyotlar

• Bellet, Bertrand. „Noldorin Plurals in the Etymologies.“ Tengwestië (2005).
• Derzhanski, Ivan A. „Peth i dirathar aen: Some Notes on Eldarin Relative Constructions.“ Vinyar Tengwar 38 (1997): 9–13, 18.
• Foster, Robert (1971). "Sindarin and Quenya Phonology". Mythcon Proceedings 1 (2): article 16. https://dc.swosu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=mythpro. 
• Gilson, Christopher. „Gnomish is Sindarin: The Conceptual Evolution of an Elvish Language.“ In Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth, edited by Verlyn Flieger and Carl F. Hostetter, 95-104. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2000.
• Giraudeau, David „Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus“. Lambenórë (2011).
• Hemmi, Yoko. „Tolkienʼs The Lord of the Rings and His Concept of Native Language: Sindarin and British-Welsh.“ Tolkien Studies (2010): 147–74.
• Hostetter, Carl F. (2013). "Languages Invented by Tolkien". in Drout, Michael D. C.. J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. 332–344 b. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1. 
• Hostetter, Carl F. „The 'Kingʻs Letter': An Historical and Comparative Analysis.“ Vinyar Tengwar 31 (1993): 12–34.
• Hostetter, Carl F. „The Past-Tense Verb in the Noldorin of the Etymologies.“ Tengwestië (2003).
• Hostetter, Carl F. „I Lam na Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue.“ In J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment, ed. Michael D.C. Drout, pp. 291–92. New York: Routledge, 2007.
• Hostetter, Carl F. „The Two Phonetic Values of ll in Elvish Sindarin in the Lord of the Rings“ Tengwestië (2003).
• Jallings, Fiona. A Fan's Guide to Neo-Sindarin: A Textbook for the Elvish of Middle-earth. NEMVUS, 2017. ISBN 978-0-9974321-1-4. 
• Marmor, Paula; Krieg, Laurence; Strecker, David. „Initial Consonant Mutation in Celtic and Sindarin.“ Parma Eldalamberon 4 (1974): 12–16.
• Martínez, Helios De Rosario. „Light and Tree: A Survey Through the External History of Sindarin.“ Tengwestië (2005).
• Salo, David. Gateway to Sindarin: a grammar of an Elvish language from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. University of Utah Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0874809121. 
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (2007). Gilson, Christopher. ed. "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings". Parma Eldalamberon (17). 
• Welden, Bill. „On the Formation of Plurals in Sindarin.“ Parma Eldalamberon 1, no. 1 (1971): 10–11.

Havolalar

• Ardalambion (Wayback Machine saytida 2003-12-05 sanasida arxivlangan), Helge Fauskanger's site on Tolkien's languages
• Glǽmscrafu
• Helge Fauskanger's page on Sindarin
• Hesperides (port of Dragon Flame, a Sindarin and Noldorin dictionary, for Mac OS X)