Savdo belgisi

Savdo belgisi – intellektual mulk shakli boʻlib, u maʼlum bir manbadan kelgan mahsulot yoki xizmatni belgilaydigan va uni boshqalardan ajratib turadigan soʻz, ibora, ramz, dizayn yoki ularning birikmasidan iborat boʻlishi mumkin. Savdo belgilari anʼanaviy belgilar bilan cheklanmaydi; ular chizmalar, ramzlar, 3D shakllar (masalan, mahsulot dizayni yoki qadoqlanishi), tovushlar, hidlar yoki alohida ranglar kabi noyob identifikatsiya vositalarini ham oʻz ichiga olishi mumkin. Masalan, Pepsi® gazli ichimliklar bilan bogʻliq roʻyxatdan oʻtgan savdo belgisi hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, Coca-Cola® shishasining oʻziga xos shakli ham roʻyxatdan oʻtgan savdo belgisi boʻlib, u Coca-Colaning qadoqlash dizaynini huquqiy jihatdan himoya qiladi.

Savdo belgisining asosiy vazifasi — mahsulot yoki xizmat manbasini aniqlash va uni boshqa manbalar mahsulotlaridan ajratishdir. Savdo belgilariga huquqiy himoya odatda davlat idoralari, masalan, AQSh Patent va Savdo belgisi idorasi (USPTO) yoki Yevropa Ittifoqi Intellektual mulk idorasi (EUIPO)da roʻyxatdan oʻtkazish orqali taʼminlanadi. Roʻyxatdan oʻtkazish egasiga muayyan eksklyuziv huquqlar beradi va boshqalar tomonidan ruxsatsiz foydalanishga qarshi huquqiy choralar koʻrish imkonini yaratadi.

Savdo belgilari toʻgʻrisidagi qonunlar yurisdiksiyaga qarab farq qiladi, biroq umuman olganda, ular egalariga huquqbuzarlik, obroʻsizlantirish yoki nohaq raqobatga qarshi oʻz huquqlarini himoya qilish imkonini beradi. Parij konvensiyasi va Madrid protokoli kabi xalqaro bitimlar savdo belgilarini bir nechta davlatlarda roʻyxatdan oʻtkazish va himoya qilish jarayonini soddalashtiradi. Shuningdek, TRIPS shartnomasi barcha aʼzo davlatlar rioya qilishi kerak boʻlgan savdo belgilarini himoya qilish va huquqni taʼminlashning minimal standartlarini belgilaydi.

Atamalar

Savdo belgisi belgilari

Savdo belgisi quyidagi belgilar bilan ifodalanishi mumkin^[1]:

™: Roʻyxatdan oʻtmagan tovarlarga oid savdo belgilarini koʻrsatishda ishlatiladi^[1].
℠: Roʻyxatdan oʻtmagan xizmatlarga oid savdo belgilarini koʻrsatishda ishlatiladi^[1].
®: Faqat rasmiy ravishda roʻyxatdan oʻtgan savdo belgilariga ajratilgan.

Ro‘yxatdan o‘tkazilgan tovar belgisi ramzi

Savdo belgisining ramzi

™ va ℠ belgilaridan roʻyxatdan oʻtmagan belgilarga nisbatan foydalaniladi (™ – tovarlar uchun, ℠ – xizmatlar uchun)^[2]. ® belgisi esa tegishli milliy idorada rasmiy roʻyxatdan oʻtkazilgan savdo belgisini bildiradi^[2]^[3]. Roʻyxatdan oʻtmagan savdo belgisiga ® belgisini qoʻllash notoʻgʻri hisoblanadi. Bu fuqarolik yoki hatto jinoiy javobgarlikka olib kelishi ehtimoli bor^[1].

Brend bilan savdo belgisining farqi

Brend – bu isteʼmolchilarning mahsulot yoki xizmatni qanday qabul qilishini aks ettiruvchi marketing tushunchasi^[4]. U ancha keng maʼnoga ega boʻlib, kompaniya yoki mahsulot bilan bogʻliq boʻlgan vizual, hissiy, ratsional va madaniy obrazni oʻz ichiga oladi^[5]^[4].

Savdo belgisi esa, aksincha, brendni huquqiy himoya qiladi va uning oʻziga xosligi hamda ajratuvchi elementlari ustidan huquqlarni kafolatlaydi^[4].

Asosiy tushunchalar

Davlat siyosati

Savdo belgisi huquqi davlat siyosatining asosiy maqsadi isteʼmolchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish vazifasini bajarishga qaratilgan. U mahsulot yoki xizmatning manbai yoki sifatiga oid notoʻgʻri tushunchaga yoʻl qoʻymaslik uchun xizmat qiladi. Mahsulot va xizmatlarning tijoriy manbasini aniqlash orqali savdo belgisi isteʼmolchilarning sifat va boshqa xususiyatlarga oid kutuvlariga javob beradigan mahsulot va xizmatlarni topishni yengillashtiradi^[7].

Savdo belgilarining yana bir vazifasi – ishlab chiqaruvchilar, xizmat koʻrsatuvchilar va yetkazib beruvchilarni doimiy ravishda sifatni taʼminlashga undash. Chunki bu ularning biznesdagi obroʻsini saqlab qolishga xizmat qiladi. Agar savdo belgisi egasi litsenziat tomonidan ishlab chiqarilayotgan yoki taqdim etilayotgan mahsulot va xizmatlar ustidan sifat nazorati va yetarli rahbarlikni taʼminlamasa, bu holat „naked licensing“ (yalangʻoch litsenziya) deb ataladi va oxir-oqibat egasining savdo belgisi huquqlariga zarar yetkazadi.

Huquqlarni himoya qilish

Savdo belgisi egasi uning oʻziga xosligini saqlab qolish, savdo belgisi huquqbuzarligining oldini olish va obroʻsizlanishdan qochish uchun oʻz huquqlarini himoya qilishi kerak^[8]. Roʻyxatdan oʻtkazilgandan keyingi huquqni taʼminlash odatda quyidagilarni oʻz ichiga oladi:

Chegara choralari: roʻyxatdan oʻtgan savdo belgilarini bojxona idoralarida roʻyxatdan oʻtkazish (masalan, AQSh CBP e-Recordation yoki Yevropa Ittifoqining Application For Action tizimi) qalbaki mahsulotlarning importini toʻxtatishga yordam beradi^[9]^[10].
Monitoring: yangi savdo belgisi arizalarini kuzatib borish va potensial huquqbuzar belgilarni aniqlash^[11]^[5].
Eʼtiroz jarayoni: koʻrib chiqish davrida qarama-qarshi belgilarning roʻyxatdan oʻtishiga yoʻl qoʻymaslik^[12]^[13]^[11].
Bekor qilish jarayoni: uchinchi tomon tomonidan roʻyxatdan oʻtgan, lekin mavjud belgini buzuvchi yoki obroʻsizlantiruvchi savdo belgilarini bekor qilish^[14]^[11].
Toʻxtatish va qaytarib olish xatlari: huquqbuzarlardan ruxsatsiz foydalanishni darhol toʻxtatishni talab qilish^[11]^[5]^[15].
Sud jarayonlari: huquqbuzarlik yoki obroʻsizlantirganlik uchun sudga murojaat qilish, bu orqali taqiq va tovon undirish^[11].

Savdo belgisidan noqonuniy foydalanish

Savdo belgisi huquqbuzarligi – bu raqib tomonidan qonun bilan himoya qilingan hududda xuddi oʻsha yoki oʻxshash mahsulotlar uchun aynan bir xil yoki isteʼmolchida chalgʻitish ehtimolini tugʻdiradigan darajada oʻxshash tovar belgisidan foydalanilganda sodir boʻladi^[16]^[17]. Bu tushuncha koʻplab yurisdiksiyalarda – jumladan, AQSh, Yevropa Ittifoqi va boshqa mamlakatlarda tan olingan, biroq aniq huquqiy mezonlar turlicha boʻlishi mumkin. Odatda sudda savdo belgisi huquqbuzarligini isbotlash uchun daʼvogar quyidagilarni koʻrsatishi kerak:

Amaldagi haqiqiy savdo belgisiga egalik^[18].
Huquqlarda ustuvorlik (daʼvogarning belgisi roʻyxatdan oʻtkazilish yoki foydalanish boʻyicha javobgarnikidan „kattaroq“ huquqqa ega)^[18].
Chalgʻitish ehtimoli – belgilar oʻxshashligi tufayli isteʼmolchilar mahsulot yoki xizmatning manbasi yoki homiyligi borasida adashishi ehtimoli^[18].

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 „Making a Mark: An Introduction to Trademarks for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises“. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2017). — „"The use of ®, TM, SM, or equivalent symbols next to a trademark is not a requirement and generally provides no further legal protection. Nevertheless, it may be a convenient way of informing others that a given sign is a trademark, thus warning possible infringers and counterfeiters. The ® symbol may only be used once a trademark has been registered, whereas TM is usually used with unregistered trademarks. SM is used similarly to TM for unregistered trademarks, but in connection with services rather than goods. Using the ® symbol with unregistered trademarks may be considered unfair business practice or misleading marketing. Avoid using it when exporting goods to countries where the trademark is not registered."“. 2024-yil 27-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 19-oktyabr.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 „What is a trademark?“ (en-US). www.uspto.gov. — „"Every time you use your trademark, you can use a symbol with it. The symbol lets consumers and competitors know you're claiming the trademark as yours. You can use "TM" for goods or "SM" for services even if you haven't filed an application to register your trademark. Once you register your trademark with us, use an ® with the trademark. You may use the registration symbol anywhere around the trademark, although most trademark owners use the symbol in a superscript or subscript manner to the right of the trademark. You may only use the registration symbol with the trademark for the goods or services listed in the federal trademark registration."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 14-oktyabr.
↑ „Registration“ (en). EUIPO. — „"You can use the ® symbol to show that your trade mark is registered.You can also indicate the EU trade mark number next to your trade mark. Do not use the ® symbol on a mark that is not registered as using this symbol with an unregistered mark can be considered a civil or criminal offence."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 19-oktyabr.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 „Trademark Registration Toolkit“. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). 2024-yil 26-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 20-oktyabr.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 World Intellectual Property Organization „Making a Mark: An Introduction to Trademarks for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises“. WIPO (2017). 2024-yil 27-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 20-oktyabr.
↑ „Trademark Status & Document Retrieval“. tsdr.uspto.gov. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 20-oktyabr.
↑ Kyalo, Joy „How to Trademark a Business Name in the UK? Need to Know“ (en-US). BusinAssist Blog (2025-yil 27-iyun). Qaraldi: 2025-yil 4-avgust.
↑ Colson, Abby „Trademark litigation 101 – Legal Blog“ (en-US). Thomson Reuters Law Blog (2022-yil 14-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.
↑ „ipr“. iprr.cbp.gov. — „"United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has the authority to detain, seize, forfeit, and ultimately destroy merchandise seeking entry into the United States if it bears an infringing trademark or copyright that has been registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) or the United States Copyright Office (USCOP), and has subsequently been recorded with CBP. As an intellectual property right (IPR) owner, you can partner with CBP to receive border enforcement of your registered trademarks and copyrights through CBP's e-Recordation Program."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.
↑ „Defend your rights – European Commission“ (en). taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu. — „"Customs administrations are in the frontline to enforce intellectual property rights at the EU borders. In order to effectively carry out their task, customs need the active engagement of the right-holders themselves. Co-operation is the most effective weapon: thanks to the information provided by the right holders, customs may identify more easily goods suspected of infringing intellectual property rights (IPR) and take the necessary action. As a right holder, you can defend your rights by asking customs to detain goods suspected of infringing IPR."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-oktyabr.
↑ ^11,0 ^11,1 ^11,2 ^11,3 ^11,4 „Enforcement“ (en). International Trademark Association. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.
↑ „Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) FAQs“ (en-US). www.uspto.gov. — „"I just got a notice of opposition. What's an opposition? An opposition is a proceeding in which one party is seeking to prevent registration of another party's trademark. Under the law, if a party believes that he will be damaged by the registration of a mark, he can file an opposition. For more information, see TBMP § 102.02."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.
↑ „Opposition“ (en). EUIPO. — „"If someone owns an earlier right and they think that there is a conflict between your trade marks, they can oppose your application. To do this, they need to fill in an opposition form and pay a fee of €320. If an opposition is filed, your mark will be subject to opposition proceedings. An opposition must be filed no later than 3 months after the publication of the trade mark application."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.
↑ „15 U.S. Code § 1064 – Cancellation of registration“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"A petition to cancel a registration of a mark, stating the grounds relied upon, may, upon payment of the prescribed fee, be filed as follows by any person who believes that he is or will be damaged, including as a result of a likelihood of dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment under section 1125(c) of this title, by the registration of a mark on the principal register established by this chapter, or under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905:"“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.
↑ „First To File Versus First To Use“ (en-GB). Corsearch. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 20-oktyabr.
↑ „trademark infringement“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Trademark law protects a trademark owner's exclusive right to use a trademark when use of the mark by another would be likely to cause consumer confusion as to the source or origin of goods."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 27-oktyabr.
↑ „Intellectual Property Enforcement“ (en-US). WIPO. — „"Trademark infringement occurs when there is an unauthorized use of a registered trademark or similar sign to identify identical or similar products and services as those covered by the registered trademark that lead to likelihood of confusion among consumers about the origin of the goods and services that are identified by these signs."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.
↑ ^18,0 ^18,1 ^18,2 „About Trademark Infringement“ (en-US). www.uspto.gov. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-oktyabr.

Havolalar

[:9-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 „Making a Mark: An Introduction to Trademarks for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises“. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2017). — „"The use of ®, TM, SM, or equivalent symbols next to a trademark is not a requirement and generally provides no further legal protection. Nevertheless, it may be a convenient way of informing others that a given sign is a trademark, thus warning possible infringers and counterfeiters. The ® symbol may only be used once a trademark has been registered, whereas TM is usually used with unregistered trademarks. SM is used similarly to TM for unregistered trademarks, but in connection with services rather than goods. Using the ® symbol with unregistered trademarks may be considered unfair business practice or misleading marketing. Avoid using it when exporting goods to countries where the trademark is not registered."“. 2024-yil 27-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 19-oktyabr.

[:8-2] 2,0 ^2,1 „What is a trademark?“ (en-US). www.uspto.gov. — „"Every time you use your trademark, you can use a symbol with it. The symbol lets consumers and competitors know you're claiming the trademark as yours. You can use "TM" for goods or "SM" for services even if you haven't filed an application to register your trademark. Once you register your trademark with us, use an ® with the trademark. You may use the registration symbol anywhere around the trademark, although most trademark owners use the symbol in a superscript or subscript manner to the right of the trademark. You may only use the registration symbol with the trademark for the goods or services listed in the federal trademark registration."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 14-oktyabr.

[3] „Registration“ (en). EUIPO. — „"You can use the ® symbol to show that your trade mark is registered.You can also indicate the EU trade mark number next to your trade mark. Do not use the ® symbol on a mark that is not registered as using this symbol with an unregistered mark can be considered a civil or criminal offence."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 19-oktyabr.

[:14-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 „Trademark Registration Toolkit“. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). 2024-yil 26-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 20-oktyabr.

[:10-5] 5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 World Intellectual Property Organization „Making a Mark: An Introduction to Trademarks for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises“. WIPO (2017). 2024-yil 27-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 20-oktyabr.

[6] „Trademark Status & Document Retrieval“. tsdr.uspto.gov. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 20-oktyabr.

[7] Kyalo, Joy „How to Trademark a Business Name in the UK? Need to Know“ (en-US). BusinAssist Blog (2025-yil 27-iyun). Qaraldi: 2025-yil 4-avgust.

[8] Colson, Abby „Trademark litigation 101 – Legal Blog“ (en-US). Thomson Reuters Law Blog (2022-yil 14-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.

[9] „ipr“. iprr.cbp.gov. — „"United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has the authority to detain, seize, forfeit, and ultimately destroy merchandise seeking entry into the United States if it bears an infringing trademark or copyright that has been registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) or the United States Copyright Office (USCOP), and has subsequently been recorded with CBP. As an intellectual property right (IPR) owner, you can partner with CBP to receive border enforcement of your registered trademarks and copyrights through CBP's e-Recordation Program."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.

[10] „Defend your rights – European Commission“ (en). taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu. — „"Customs administrations are in the frontline to enforce intellectual property rights at the EU borders. In order to effectively carry out their task, customs need the active engagement of the right-holders themselves. Co-operation is the most effective weapon: thanks to the information provided by the right holders, customs may identify more easily goods suspected of infringing intellectual property rights (IPR) and take the necessary action. As a right holder, you can defend your rights by asking customs to detain goods suspected of infringing IPR."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-oktyabr.

[:34-11] 11,0 ^11,1 ^11,2 ^11,3 ^11,4 „Enforcement“ (en). International Trademark Association. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.

[12] „Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) FAQs“ (en-US). www.uspto.gov. — „"I just got a notice of opposition. What's an opposition? An opposition is a proceeding in which one party is seeking to prevent registration of another party's trademark. Under the law, if a party believes that he will be damaged by the registration of a mark, he can file an opposition. For more information, see TBMP § 102.02."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.

[13] „Opposition“ (en). EUIPO. — „"If someone owns an earlier right and they think that there is a conflict between your trade marks, they can oppose your application. To do this, they need to fill in an opposition form and pay a fee of €320. If an opposition is filed, your mark will be subject to opposition proceedings. An opposition must be filed no later than 3 months after the publication of the trade mark application."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.

[14] „15 U.S. Code § 1064 – Cancellation of registration“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"A petition to cancel a registration of a mark, stating the grounds relied upon, may, upon payment of the prescribed fee, be filed as follows by any person who believes that he is or will be damaged, including as a result of a likelihood of dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment under section 1125(c) of this title, by the registration of a mark on the principal register established by this chapter, or under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905:"“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.

[:11-15] „First To File Versus First To Use“ (en-GB). Corsearch. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 20-oktyabr.

[:32-16] „trademark infringement“ (en). LII / Legal Information Institute. — „"Trademark law protects a trademark owner's exclusive right to use a trademark when use of the mark by another would be likely to cause consumer confusion as to the source or origin of goods."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 27-oktyabr.

[17] „Intellectual Property Enforcement“ (en-US). WIPO. — „"Trademark infringement occurs when there is an unauthorized use of a registered trademark or similar sign to identify identical or similar products and services as those covered by the registered trademark that lead to likelihood of confusion among consumers about the origin of the goods and services that are identified by these signs."“. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 29-oktyabr.

[:35-18] 18,0 ^18,1 ^18,2 „About Trademark Infringement“ (en-US). www.uspto.gov. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-oktyabr.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]