Rodeziya va Nyasalend Federatsiyasi
| Rodeziya va Nyasalend Federatsiya inglizcha: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Protektorat | |||||||||
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| Shiori Magni Esse Mereamur "Keling, buyuklik sari intilaylik" | |||||||||
| Madhiya "God Save the Queen" | |||||||||
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| Poytaxti | Solsberi | ||||||||
| Til(lar)i | Ingliz, shona, tumbuka, ndebele, bemba, nyanja, yao, tonga, lozi, nsenga, lunda, kaonde, mbunda va boshqalar | ||||||||
| Pul birligi | MAF funti | ||||||||
| Rasmiy til(lar)i | Ingliz tili | ||||||||
| Maydoni | 1,261,674 km² | ||||||||
| Aholisi | 1,261,674 (1960) | ||||||||
| Boshqaruv shakli | Fedetiv monarxiya | ||||||||
| Sulola | Vindzorlar | ||||||||
| Monarx | |||||||||
| - 1953—1963 | Yelizaveta II | ||||||||
| General-gubernator | |||||||||
| - 1953—1957 (birinchi) | Lord Llevellin | ||||||||
| - 1963-yil (oxirgi) | Hemfri Gibbs | ||||||||
| Bosh vazir | |||||||||
| - 1953—1956 | Martin Haggins | ||||||||
| - 1956—1963 | Roy Velenskiy | ||||||||
| Tarix | |||||||||
| - 1953-yil 1-avgust | Tashkil topgan | ||||||||
| - 1963-yil 31-dekabr | Tugatilgan | ||||||||
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Rodeziya va Nyasalend Federatsiyasi (inglizcha: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland), Shuningdek, Markaziy Afrika Federatsiyasi nomi bilan ham ma’lum, qisqacha MAF (inglizcha: Central African Federation, qisqacha CAF) — Janubiy Afrikada joylashgan, 1953-yil 1-avgustdan 1963-yil 31-dekabrgacha mavjud bo‘lgan yarim mustaqil davlat (Britaniya protektorati). Federatsiya 1923-yildan buyon o‘zini o‘zi boshqarib kelgan Janubiy Rodeziya (hozirgi Zimbabve) koloniyasi hamda Shimoliy Rodeziya (hozirgi Zambiya) va Nyasalend (hozirgi Malavi) protektoratlaridan tashkil topgan. Bu hudud Britaniya qiroliga qarashli mulk edi, biroq na koloniya, na dominion maqomiga ega edi. Shunga qaramay, dominionlardagi kabi Britaniya qiroli hokimiyati general-gubernator orqali ifodalanardi.
Davlat tarixi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Federatsiya 1953-yil 1-avgustda yangi mustaqil sotsialistik Afrika davlatlari va butun hokimiyat oq tanli koʻchmanchilarga (Janubiy Afrika, Angola, Mozambik) tegishli boʻlgan mamlakatlar oʻrtasidagi oʻrta yoʻl sifatida tashkil etilgan. U doimiy tuzilma sifatida rejalashtirilgan edi, biroq afrikalik millatchilar va oq tanli ozchilik o‘rtasidagi hal qilib bo‘lmaydigan ziddiyatlar tufayli parchalanib ketdi.
1950-yillarning oxiri — 1960-yillarning boshlarida dunyoning aksariyat mamlakatlari mustamlakachilikdan voz kechishni modernizatsiyaning bir shakli sifatida ko‘rgan. Birlashgan Qirollik ham BMT, ham Afrika birligi tashkiloti tomonidan bosim ostiga olingan edi.
Federatsiya rasman o‘z faoliyatini 1963-yil 31-dekabrda to‘xtatdi. O‘sha kuni Shimoliy Rodeziya Buyuk Britaniyadan mustaqillikka erishib, yangi Zambiya davlati sifatida paydo bo‘ldi, Nyasalend esa mustaqillikka erishib, yangi Malavi davlati bo‘ldi. Janubiy Rodeziya mustaqil Rodeziya davlatiga aylandi, hozirda esa bu hudud Zimbabve hisoblanadi.
| yil | Janubiy Rodeziya | Shimoliy Rodeziya | Nyasalend | hammasi | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oq tanlilar | Qora tanlilar | Oq tanlilar | Qora tanlilar | Oq tanlilar | Qora tanlilar | Oq tanlilar | Qora tanlilar | |
| 1927 | 38 200 (3,98%) | 922 000 (96,02%) | 4 000 (0,4%) | 1 000 000 (99,6%) | 1 700 (0,13%) | 1 350 000 (99,87%) | 43 900 (1,32%) | 3 272 000 (98,68%) |
| 1946 | 80 500 (4,79%) | 1 600 000 (95,21%) | 21 919 (1,32%) | 1 634 980 (97,68%) | 2 300 (0,10%) | 2 340 000 (99,90%) | 104 719 (1,84%) | 5 574 980 (98,16%) |
| 1955 | 125 000 (4,95%) | 2 400 000 (95,05%) | 65 000 (3,02%) | 2 085 000 (96,98%) | 6 300 (0,25%) | 2 550 000 (99,75%) | 196 300 (2,71%) | 7 035 000 (97,28%) |
| 1960 | 223 000 (7,30%) | 2 830 000 (92,70%) | 76 000 (3,14%) | 2 340 000 (96,85%) | 9 300 (0,33%) | 2 810 000 (99,66%) | 308 300 (3,72%) | 7 980 000 (96,28%) |
Uchta saylov oʻtkazildi: 1953, 1958 va 1962. Barcha saylovlarda Birlashgan federal partiya gʻalaba qozondi.
Ichki qarama-qarshiliklar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Federatsiya tuzilishidan ancha avval ham Janubiy Rodeziya iqtisodiy, saylov tizimi va harbiy sohalarda yetakchi hudud bo‘lishi ayon edi.
Federatsiyaning ham tuzilishida, ham parchalanishida hal qiluvchi omillar Afrikalik va Yevropalik aholisi soni o‘rtasidagi katta tafovut hamda Janubiy Rodeziyada Yevropaliklarning soni Shimoliy protektoratlardagiga nisbatan ancha ko‘pligi bo‘ldi. Bu holat Janubiy Rodeziyada (asosiy qismi britaniyalik muhojirlar bo‘lgan) yevropalik ko‘chmanchilar sonining tobora oshib borishi bilan yanada kuchaydi, Shimoliy protektoratda esa bunday holat kuzatilmagan. Kelgusidagi voqealar asosan shu omillarga bog‘liq edi.
1939-yilda Janubiy Rodeziyada qariyb 60 ming yevropalik yashar edi; Federatsiya tuzilishidan sal oldin ularning soni taxminan 135 mingga yetdi; Federatsiya tarqatib yuborilgan paytga kelib esa bu raqam 223 mingga yetgan edi. Nyasalend yevropaliklar sonining eng kam, afrikaliklar sonining esa eng ko‘p o‘sishini ko‘rsatdi.
Federatsiyadagi yevropalik aholining siyosiy yetakchisi Godfri Martin Haggins, birinchi Malvern vikonti bo‘lib, Federatsiyaning dastlabki uch yili davomida MAF (Markaziy Afrika Federatsiyasi)ning bosh vaziri bo‘lgan, undan avval esa 23 yil davomida Janubiy Rodeziya bosh vaziri lavozimida ishlagan.
Boshqaruvchilar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]General-Gubernatorlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]| Vakillik muddati | General-Gubernator[2] |
|---|---|
| 1953-yil 4-sentyabr — 1957-yil 24-yanvar | Jon Llevellin |
| 1957-yil 24-yanvar — 1957-yil fevral | Robert Klarkson Tredgold (v. b.) |
| 1957-yil fevral — 1957-yil 8-oktyabr | Uilyam Myorfi (v. b.) |
| 1957-yil 8-oktyabr — 1963-yil may | Saymon Ramsey |
| 1963-yil may — 1963-yil 31-dekabr | Hamfri Gibbs |
Bosh vazirlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]| Vakillik muddati | Bosh vazir[2] |
|---|---|
| 1953-yil 7-sentyabr — 1956-yil 2-noyabr | Godfri Haggins |
| 1956-yil 2-noyabr — 1963-yil 31-dekabr | Roy Valenski |
Yana qarang
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Wills, A.,J, „Three Territories“, . An Introduction to the History of Central Africa, 2nd, Durban: Oxford University Press, 1967 — Appendix IV-bet. ISBN 0-620-06410-2.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. „Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland“. 2012-yil 23-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
Adabiyotlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Franklin, Henry. Unholy wedlock: the failure of the Central African Federation (G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1963).
- Blake, Robert. A History of Rhodesia (Eyre Methuen, London 1977).
- Hancock, Ian. White Liberals, Moderates, and Radicals in Rhodesia, 1953—1980 (Croom Helm, Sydney, Australia, 1984).
- Mason, Phillip Year of Decision: Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1960 (Oxford University Press, 1961).
- Phillips, C. E. Lucas. The vision splendid: the future of the Central African Federation (Heinemann, London, 1960).
- Leys, Colin and Pratt Cranford (eds.). A new deal in Central Africa (Heinemann, London, 1960).
- Clegg, Edward Marshall. Race and politics: partnership in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. (Oxford University Press, 1960).
- Gray, Richard. The two nations: aspects of the development of race relations in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland (Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 1960).
- Rogaly, Joe. Rhodesia: Britain’s deep south. (The Economist, London, 1962).
- Hall, Richard. The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1969).
- Guy Clutton-Brock. Dawn in Nyasaland (Hodder and Stoughton, London 1959).
- Dorien, Ray. Venturing to the Rhodesias and Nyasaland (Johnson, London, 1962)
- Hanna, Alexander John. The story of the Rhodesias and Nyasaland. (Faber and Faber, 1965).
- Black, Colin. The lands and peoples of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Macmillan, NY, 1961).
- Sanger, Clyde. Central African emergency (Heinemann, London 1960).
- Gann, Lewis H. Huggins of Rhodesia: the man and his country (Allen & Unwin, London, 1964).
- Gann, Lewis H. Central Africa: the former British states (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, 1971).
- Haw, Richard C. (fwd. by Sir Godfrey Huggins) No other home: Co-existence in Africa (S. Manning, Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia, 1960?).
- Taylor, Don. The Rhodesian: the life of Sir Roy Welensky. (Museum Press, London 1965).
- Wood, J.R.T. The Welensky papers: a history of the federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Graham Pub., Durban, 1983).
- Welensky, Roy, Sir. Welensky’s 4000 days: the life and death of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Collins, London, 1964).
- Allighan, Garry. The Welensky story (Macdonald, London, 1962).
- Alport, Cuthbert James McCall, Lord. The sudden assignment: being a record of service in central Africa during the last controversial years of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1961—1963. (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1965).
- Thompson, Cecil Harry. Economic development in Rhodesia and Nyasaland (D. Dobson, Publisher London, 1954)
- Walker, Audrey A. The Rhodesias and Nyasaland: a guide to official publications (General Reference and Bibliography Division, Reference Dept., Library of Congress: for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Govt. Print. Off., 1965).
- Irvine, Alexander George. The balance of payments of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1945—1954. (Oxford University Press, 1959.)
- United States Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Near Eastern and African Division. Investment in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland: basic information for United States businessmen. (U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, 1956)
- Standard Bank of South Africa, Ltd. The federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland: general information for business organisations. (London, 1958).
- Sowelem, R. A. Toward financial independence in a developing economy: an analysis of the monetary experience of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1952-63. (Allen & Unwin, London, 1967).
- Shutt, Allison K.. Manners Make A Nation: Racial Etiquette in Southern Rhodesia, 1910–1963. Rochester: Andoza:Нп3, 2015.
Havolalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Rhodesia and Nyasaland Army
- Window on Rhodesia, an archive of the history and life of Rhodesia