Rim Respublikasi

Rim Respublikasi lotincha: Res publica Romana
← mil.avv. 509 — 27 →
Bayroq
Miloddan avvalgi 44-yil Yuliy Sezarning oʻldirilishi arafasida Rim viloyatlari
Poytaxti	Rim
Til(lar)i	Lotin tili (rasmiy) Etrusk yunon Venet Ivrit Barbar Illiriy Gal
Dini	Rim politeizmi
Maydoni	10,000 km (mil.avv 326)
Aholisi	1 950 000 (mil.avv 50)
Tarix
- mil. avv 509	Mag'rur Tarkviniyning ag'darilishi.
- mil. Avv 338	Lotin ligasining tarqatilishi
- 47	Sezar diktatorlikni e'lon qildi.
- 44 15-mart	Yuliy Sezarning o'ldirilishi.
- 31 2-sentabr	Aktium jangi
-	Oktavianga Avgust laqabi berildi.

Rim Respublikasi (lotincha: Res publica Romana) – Rim Qirolligining (mil. avv. 509-yil) qulashidan Actium urushi natijasida mil. avv. Rim imperiyasi tashkil etilishigacha boʻlgan klassik Rim tamaddunining erasi. Bu davrda Rimning nazorat shaharning atrofidan butun Oʻrta yer dengizi dunyosi ustidan gegemonlikka qadar kengaydi.

Oʻsha paytdagi Rim jamiyati, birinchi navbatda, lotin va etrusk jamiyatlarining, shuningdek, sabin, osci va yunon madaniy elementlarining madaniy aralashmasi edi, bu ayniqsa Qadimgi Rim dini va uning panteonida koʻrinadi. Uning siyosiy tashkiloti Qadimgi Yunonistonda toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri demokratiya bilan bir vaqtda rivojlangan boʻlib, senat tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan kollektiv va yillik magistraturalar boʻlgan. Har yili saylovlar boʻlib oʻtgan, ammo respublika tizimi demokratik emas, balki saylangan oligarxiya edi, bir qator kuchli oilalar, asosan oliy magistraturani monopoliya qilib olgan. Rim institutlari butun Respublika boʻylab katta oʻzgarishlarga, masalan, bosib olingan viloyatlarni boshqarish uchun promagistraturalarni yaratish va kech respublika davridagi Sotsial urushdan keyin yarim orol italyanlarini fuqarolar va senatorlar sifatida qoʻshish kabi qiyinchiliklarga moslashish kabi muammolarga duch keldi.

Rim imperiyasining Pax Romanasidan farqli oʻlaroq, Rim respublikasi deyarli abadiy urush holatida edi. Uning birinchi dushmanlari lotin va etrusk qoʻshnilari, shuningdek miloddan avvalgi 387-yilda Rimni talon-taroj qilgan Gallar edi. Gallarning talon-taroj qilinishidan soʻng, Rim bir asrda Italiya yarim orolining koʻp qismini bosib oldi va Oʻrta yer dengizidagi buyuk davlatlardan biriga aylandi. Uning eng katta strategik raqibi Karfagen boʻlib, unga qarshi uchta urush olib bordi. Miloddan avvalgi 202-yilda Zama jangida Rim Karfagenni magʻlub etdi va keyingi oʻn yilliklarda qadimgi Oʻrta yer dengizi dunyosida hukmron kuchga aylandi. Keyinchalik u Filipp V va makedoniyalik Perseyni, Salavkiylar imperiyasidagi Antiox III ni, luzitaniyalik Viriathusni, numidiyalik Jugurthani, Pont podsholigi Mitridat VI, Galliyaning arverni qabilasidan Versingetoriksni va Misr malikasi Kleopatrani magʻlub etib, uzoq davom etgan qiyin zabtlarni boshladi.

Rim shahrida, Buyurtmalar toʻqnashuvi davrida yopiq oligarxik elita boʻlgan patritsiylar koʻp sonli plebeylar bilan toʻqnash keldi; bu miloddan avvalgi IV asrga kelib plebiylar siyosiy tenglikka erishgan holda tinch yoʻl bilan hal qilindi. Miloddan avvalgi 133-yildan boshlab kech respublikada koʻpincha konservativ va islohotchi siyosatchilarni nazarda tutgan holda, koʻpincha anaxronistik tarzda optimatlar va populistlar oʻrtasidagi ziddiyat sifatida qaraladigan jiddiy ichki nizolar kuzatildi. Rim va uning italyan ittifoqchilari oʻrtasidagi fuqarolik va Italiyadagi Rim gegemonligi uchun Sotsial urush fuqarolik zoʻravonlik doirasini ancha kengaytirdi. Ommaviy qullik uchta Servile urushiga ham hissa qoʻshgan. Shahardagi siyosiy zoʻravonlik va kuchli yarim avtonom generallar respublikani buzgan fuqarolar urushlariga olib keldi. Birinchisi Marius va Sulla bilan bogʻliq. Bir avloddan soʻng, Respublika yana miloddan avvalgi 49-yilda Yuliy Sezar va Gney Pompey oʻrtasida fuqarolar urushiga aylandi. Sezar gʻalaba qozonib, umrbod diktator etib tayinlanganiga qaramay, miloddan avvalgi 44-yilda oʻldirilgan. Sezarning vorisi Oktavian va leytenant Mark Antoniy miloddan avvalgi 42-yilda Sezarning qotillarini magʻlub etdi, ammo ular ajralishdi, natijada Antoniy oʻzining ittifoqchisi va sevgilisi Kleopatra bilan birga miloddan avvalgi 31-yilda Actium jangida magʻlub boʻldi. Keyin gʻolib Oktavian Rim siyosatida hukmron kuchga aylandi; Miloddan avvalgi 27-yilda Oktavianning Senatdan Avgust unvonini olishi koʻpincha respublikaning tugashi va Rim imperiyasining boshlanishini koʻrsatadi.

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