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Raqamli antropologiya

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Raqamli antropologiya — insonlar va raqamli davr texnologiyalari oʻrtasidagi munosabatlarni antropologik jihatdan oʻrganadigan fan yoʻnalishi[1][2]. Bu nisbatan yangi soha boʻlgani sababli, turli urgʻularni aks ettiruvchi bir nechta nomlar bilan ham ataladi. Ular qatoriga texnoantropologiya, raqamli etnografiya, kiberantropologiya va virtual antropologiya kiradi[3].

Taʼrif va qamrov

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„Raqamli antropologiya“ atamasidan foydalanadigan antropologlarning aksariyati ushbu tushuncha bilan, avvalo, onlayn va internet texnologiyalarini oʻrganishni nazarda tutadilar. Insonlarning texnologiyalarning yanada kengroq doirasi bilan oʻzaro munosabatlarini oʻrganish esa antropologiyaning boshqa yoʻnalishlari, masalan, kiborg antropologiyasi doirasiga kirishi mumkin.

„Digital Anthropology Group“ Amerika Antropologiya Assotsiatsiyasi tarkibidagi manfaatdor guruhlaridan biri hisoblanadi. DANGning asosiy vazifalari antropologik tadqiqotlarda raqamli texnologiyalardan vosita sifatida foydalanishni targʻib qilish, antropologlarni raqamli platformalar orqali tadqiqot natijalarini almashishga ragʻbatlantirish hamda raqamli hamjamiyatlarni oʻrganish usullarini ishlab chiqishdan iborat.

Kibermakon yoki „virtual dunyo“ning oʻzi ham antropologlar uchun tadqiqot maydoni vazifasini bajarishi mumkin. Bu antropologlarga interaktiv makonlarda yuzaga kelayotgan va kechayotgan ijtimoiy-madaniy hodisalarni kuzatish, tahlil qilish hamda talqin etish imkonini beradi.

Raqamli texnologiyalar yordamida shakllangan milliy va transmilliy hamjamiyatlar oʻziga xos ijtimoiy meʼyorlar, amaliyotlar, anʼanalar, tarixiy rivoyatlar va ular bilan bogʻliq jamoaviy xotirani yaratadi[4]. Shuningdek, bunday hamjamiyatlar migratsiya davrlari, ichki va tashqi nizolar, ehtimol ongsiz ravishda shakllanadigan til xususiyatlari hamda anʼanaviy, geografik jihatdan chegaralangan jamoalarga xos lahjalarga oʻxshash mem lahjalarni ham rivojlantirishi mumkin[5][6]. Bunday hamjamiyatlarga erkin va ochiq manbali dasturiy taʼminotlar atrofida shakllangan guruhlar, Facebook, X (avvalgi Twitter), Instagram, 4chan va Reddit kabi onlayn platformalar hamda ulardagi turli subhamjamiyatlar kiradi. Shuningdek, Anonymous, WikiLeaks va Occupy Movement kabi siyosiy maqsadlar asosida tashkil topgan guruhlar ham shular jumlasidandir[7].

Bir qator antropolog olimlar virtual dunyolar boʻyicha anʼanaviy etnografik tadqiqotlar olib borganlar. Jumladan, Bonnie Nardi tomonidan World of Warcraft virtual olami[8], Tom Boellstorff tomonidan esa Second Life platformasi etnografik jihatdan oʻrganilgan[9]. Olim Gabriella Coleman Debian dasturiy hamjamiyati hamda Anonymous xaktivistlar tarmogʻi yuzasidan etnografik tadqiqotlar olib borgan[10][11]. Nazariyotchi Nancy Mauro-Flude kompyuter sanʼati va kompyuter submadaniyatlari boʻyicha bevosita kuzatuv asosida etnografik tadqiqotlar olib borgan. Ular qatoriga feminist veb-serverlar hamjamiyatining bir qismi boʻlgan systerserver.net hamda Feminist Internet tarmogʻi kiradi[12][13]. Eitan Y. Wilf sanʼatkorlar ijodkorligi[14], raqamli texnologiyalar va sunʼiy intellekt oʻrtasidagi oʻzaro bogʻliqlikni tadqiq etgan[15]. Yongming Zhou esa Xitoyda internetning siyosiy ishtirok vositasi sifatida qanday qoʻllanilishini oʻrgangan[16]. Eve M. Zucker va uning hamkorlari ommaviy qirgʻinlar xotirasini raqamli shaklda saqlash jarayoniga oʻtish hamda bu jarayonlarda sunʼiy intellektning shakllanib borayotgan rolini tadqiq qilganlar[4][17]. Victoria Bernal esa vatani bilan bogʻliq onlayn siyosiy faoliyatda ishtirok etayotgan eritreyaliklar orasida millatchilik va fuqarolik masalalariga oid etnografik tadqiqotlar olib borgan[18] .

Antropologik tadqiqotlar texnologiyalarni ishlab chiquvchilarga ularni foydalanuvchilar ehtiyojlariga moslashtirish va takomillashtirishda yordam berishi mumkin. Avstraliyalik antropolog Genevieve Bell Intel kompaniyasida foydalanuvchi tajribasiga oid keng qamrovli tadqiqotlar olib borgan va bu tadqiqotlar kompaniyaning texnologiyalar, foydalanuvchilar hamda bozor haqidagi yondashuvini shakllantirishga taʼsir koʻrsatgan[19].

Etika

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Onlayn muhitda olib boriladigan tadqiqotlar yangi etik muammolarni yuzaga keltiradi. Amerika Antropologiya assotsiatsiyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan etik koʻrsatmalarga koʻra, muayyan hamjamiyatni oʻrganayotgan antropologlar ushbu hamjamiyatning barcha aʼzolari tadqiqot olib borilayotganidan xabardor boʻlishini hamda tadqiqotchi tomonidan yaratilgan maʼlumotlardan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega boʻlishini taʼminlashi lozim. Biroq koʻplab onlayn hamjamiyatlardagi muloqotlar istalgan shaxs tomonidan ochiq oʻqilishi mumkin va ular internetda yillar davomida saqlanib qolishi ehtimoli mavjud. Shu sababli raqamli antropologlar onlayn hamjamiyatlarni oʻzini oshkor qilmasdan kuzatish hamda ochiq elektron arxivlardagi maʼlumotlarni tahlil qilish qay darajada axloqiy jihatdan maqbul ekani masalasida bahs yuritadilar[20].

Manbalar

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  1. ↑ „Techno-Anthropology course guide“. Aalborg University. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-mart.
  2. ↑ Knorr, Alexander. Cyberanthropology. Peter Hammer Verlag Gmbh, August 2011. ISBN 978-3779503590. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-mart. 
  3. ↑ ; Bookstein, FredVirtual Anthropology: A guide to a new interdisciplinary field. Springer, 2011. ISBN 978-3211486474. 
  4. 1 2 Zucker, Eve Monique; Simon, David J.. Mass Violence and Memory in the Digital Age: memorialization unmoored. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies, 2020. ISBN 978-3-030-39395-3. 
  5. ↑ Bryden, John; Funk, Sebastian; Jansen, Vincent AA (25 February 2013). "Word usage mirrors community structure in the online social network Twitter". EPJ Data Science 2. doi:10.1140/epjds15. http://www.epjdatascience.com/content/2/1/3.
  6. ↑ Rodrigues, Jason. „Twitter users forming tribes with own language, tweet analysis shows“. The Guardian (2013-yil 15-mart).
  7. ↑ „Abstract of 'The social construction of freedom in free and open source software: Hackers, ethics, and the liberal tradition'“. FlossHub. 2017-yil 1-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 11-mart.
  8. ↑ Nardi, Bonnie. My Life as a Night Elf Priest: An Anthropological Account of World of Warcraft. University of Michigan Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0472050987. 
  9. ↑ Boellstorff, Tom. Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human. Princeton University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0691146270. 
  10. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (2010). "The Hacker Conference: A Ritual Condensation and Celebration of a Lifeworld". Anthropological Quarterly 83 (1): 47–72. doi:10.1353/anq.0.0112. ISSN 0003-5491. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20638699.
  11. ↑ Coleman, G.. Hacker, hoaxer, whistleblower, spy: The many faces of Anonymous. Verso Books, 2014. 
  12. ↑ Mauro-Flude, Nancy (2022). "A feminist server stack". Codesign 18 (1): 48–62. doi:10.1080/15710882.2021.2021243. ISSN 1571-0882.
  13. ↑ Mauro-Flude, Nancy (2021). "Chthonian Feminist Internet Theory for the twenty first century". Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 35 (1): 788–804. doi:10.1080/10304312.2021.1983260. ISSN 1469-3666. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10304312.2021.1983260.
  14. ↑ „Prof. Eitan Wilf“. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  15. ↑ Wilf, Eitan Y.. The Inspiration Machine: Computational Creativity in Poetry and Jazz (en). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 
  16. ↑ Zhou, Yongming. Historicizing Online Politics: Telegraphy, the Internet, and Political Participation in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8047-5127-8. 
  17. ↑ Makhortykh, Mykola; Zucker, Eve M.; Simon, David J.; Bultmann, Daniel; Ulloa, Roberto (2023-07-18). "Shall androids dream of genocides? How generative AI can change the future of memorialization of mass atrocities" (en). Discover Artificial Intelligence 3 (1): 28. doi:10.1007/s44163-023-00072-6. ISSN 2731-0809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00072-6.
  18. ↑ Bernal, Victoria. Nation as Network: Diaspora, Cyberspace, and Citizenship (en). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 
  19. ↑ „Intel's cultural anthropologist“. 2010-yil 22-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  20. ↑ Varis, Piia (2014). "Digital Ethnography". Tilburg Papers in Cultural Studies: 1–21.

Adabiyotlar

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  • Bernal, Victoria. 2014. Nation as Network: Diaspora, Cyberspace, and Citizenship. University of Chicago Press,
  • Budka, Philipp and Manfred Kremser. 2004. "CyberAnthropology—Anthropology of CyberCulture", in Contemporary issues in socio-cultural anthropology: Perspectives and research activities from Austria edited by S. Khittel, B. Plankensteiner and M. Six-Hohenbalken, pp. 213–226. Vienna: Loecker.
  • Escobar, Arturo. 1994. "Welcome to Cyberia: notes on the anthropology of cyberculture." Current Anthropology 35(3): 211–231.
  • Fabian, Johannes. 2002. Virtual archives and ethnographic writing: "Commentary" as a new genre? Current Anthropology 43(5): 775–786.
  • Gershon, Ilana. 2010. The Break-up 2.0: Disconnecting over new media. Cornell University Press
  • Ginsburg, Faye. 2008. Rethinking the Digital Age. In The Media and Social Theory. Edited by Desmond Hesmondhalgh and Jason Toynbee. New York: Routledge
  • Hine, Christine. 2000. Virtual ethnography. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage.
  • Horst, Heather and Daniel Miller. 2012. Digital Anthropology. London and New York: Berg
  • Jarzombek, Mark (2016). Digital Stockholm Syndrome in the Post-Ontological Age. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Kremser, Manfred. 1999. CyberAnthropology und die neuen Räume des Wissens. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 129: 275–290.
  • Ito, Mizuko, Sonja Baumer, Matteo Bittanti, danah boyd, Rachel Cody, Rebecca Herr-Stephenson, Heather A. Horst, Patricia G. Lange, Dilan Mahendran, Katynka Z. Martinez, C.J. Pascoe, Dan Perkel, Laura Robinson, Christo Sims and Lisa Tripp. (2010) Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Paccagnella, Luciano. 1997. Getting the seats of your pants dirty: Strategies for ethnographic research on virtual communities (Wayback Machine saytida 2013-02-13 sanasida arxivlangan). Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(1).
  • Sugita, Shigeharu. 1987. "Computers in ethnological studies: As a tool and an object," in Toward a computer ethnology: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium at the Japan National Museum of Ethnology edited by Joseph Raben, Shigeharu Sugita, and Masatoshi Kubo, pp. 9–40. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. (Senri Ethnological Studies 20)
  • Torres-Yepez, L. (2021). "e-Xploration: ethnographic observation model for analysis and visualization of digital practices". In Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. El estante digital, pp.91-110, 2021.
  • Wilf, Eitan Y. 2023. The Inspiration Machine: Computational creativity in poetry and jazz. University of Chicago Press.
  • Wittel, Andreas. 2000. Ethnography on the move: From field to net to Internet. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 1(1).
  • Zhou, Yongming. 2006. Historicizing Online Politics: Telegraphy, the internet, and political participation in China. Stanford University Press.
  • Zucker, Eve M. and David J. Simon. 2020. Mass Violence and Memory in the Digital Age: memorialization unmoored. Palgrave-MacMillan.

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