Quruq qonun davri

Shahar quruq bo‘lganda har kun yakshanba bo‘ladi (1919)

Quruq qonun davri – bu 1920-yildan 1933-yilgacha boʻlgan davr boʻlib, AQShda alkogolli ichimliklarni ishlab chiqarish, import qilish, tashish va sotish taqiqlangan edi. Alkogol sanoati ketma-ket shtat qonun chiqaruvchilari tomonidan cheklab borildi va 1919-yil 16-yanvarda ratifikatsiya qilingan AQSh Konstitutsiyasining Oʻn sakkizinchi tuzatmasi orqali mamlakat boʻylab rasmiy ravishda Quruq qonun joriy etildi. Ushbu davr 1933-yil 5-dekabrda Oʻn sakkizinchi tuzatmani bekor qilgan Yigirma birinchi tuzatma ratifikatsiya qilingach yakunlandi. Quruq qonun harakatiga pietistik protestantlar boshchilik qilgan. Ular XIX asr davomida alkogolli ichimliklar savdosini tugatishga birinchi urinishlarni amalga oshirishdi. Ularning maqsadi – jamiyatni ichkilikbozlik, oilaviy zoʻravonlik va barlarda ildiz otgan siyosiy korrupsiya kabi muammolardan „davolash“ edi. XIX asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlarida koʻplab jamoalar alkogol isteʼmoliga mahalliy taqiq joriy etdilar. Ushbu yangi Quruq qonunni amalga oshirish esa katta munozaralarga sabab boʻldi. „Quruqlar“ deb atalgan harakat tarafdorlari bu kurashni axloq va sog‘liq uchun olib borilgan muqaddas jang deb taqdim etishdi. Taqiq gʻoyasini progres­sivlar, Demokratlar va Respublikachilar partiyalari vakillari qoʻllab-quvvatladi. Ularning harakati ayollar tomonidan tashkil etilgan Xristian ayollar ichkilikdan tiyilish ittifoqi orqali xalq orasida keng yoyildi. 1900-yildan soʻng bu harakatni Anti-Saloon Ligasi muvofiqlashtira boshladi. Biroq pivo sanoati, boy katolik hamda nemis lyuteran jamoalari bu harakatga qarshi chiqib, oʻzlarini „hoʻllar“ deb atashdi. Shunga qaramay, AQShning 1917-yilda Germaniyaga qarshi Birinchi jahon urushiga kirishidan soʻng bu guruhlarning siyosiy taʼsiri sezilarli darajada kamaydi. 1919-yilda Oʻn sakkizinchi tuzatma AQSh Kongressida qabul qilindi – Vakillar palatasida 68 foiz, Senatda esa 76 foiz ovoz bilan qoʻllab-quvvatlandi va 48 shtatdan 46 tasi tomonidan ratifikatsiya qilindi. Mazkur tuzatmani amalga oshirish uchun qabul qilingan qonun Volsted qonuni deb nomlanib, u spirtli ichimliklarga nisbatan federal taqiqni qanday qoʻllash kerakligini belgilab berdi hamda qaysi turdagi ichimliklar taqiqlanishini aniqladi. Biroq barcha turdagi alkogol taqiqlanmagan edi: masalan, diniy marosimlarda vino ishlatishga ruxsat berilgan. Federal qonunga koʻra, uyda alkogol saqlash yoki uni isteʼmol qilish noqonuniy sanalmagan, lekin ayrim shtatlar oʻz hududlarida yanada qatʼiy cheklovlar joriy qilib, hatto spirtli ichimliklarni saqlashni ham butunlay taqiqlagan. 1920-yillarning oxiriga kelib, AQSh boʻylab Quruq qonun siyosatiga qarshi yangi muxolifat toʻlqini paydo boʻldi. Tanqidchilar bu siyosatni iqtisodiy nuqtayi nazardan samarasiz, deb atashdi. Ularning fikricha, Quruq qonun Buyuk Depressiya arafasida va uning boshlarida davlat byudjetiga tushadigan soliqlarni keskin kamaytirgan, hamda „qishloq“ protestantlarning diniy qadriyatlarini „shahar“ Amerikasi ustiga majburan yuklagan edi. Yigirma birinchi tuzatma qabul qilinishi bilan Quruq qonun bekor qilindi, biroq ayrim shtatlarda u hali bir muddat davom etdi. Shu paytgacha AQSh tarixida bir konstitutsiyaviy tuzatma boshqasini bekor qilish uchun qabul qilingan yagona holat aynan shu boʻlgan.

Quruq qonunning jamiyatga ta’siri haqida tadqiqotchilar o‘rtasida bahslar davom etadi. Ba’zi tadqiqotlar taqiq davrida alkogol iste’moli sezilarli darajada kamayganini ko‘rsatadi, boshqalari esa uzoq muddatda bu kamayish barqaror bo‘lmaganini ta’kidlaydi. Spirtli ichimlikdan voz kechmoqchi bo‘lmagan amerikaliklar qonundagi bo‘shliqlardan foydalangan yoki noqonuniy yo‘llar bilan alkogol topish yo‘liga o‘tgan, natijada mamlakatda qora bozor va jinoyatchilik tarmoqlari paydo bo‘lgan. Shunga qaramay, Quruq qonun davrida jigar sirrozi, alkogol psixozlari va bolalar o‘limi ko‘rsatkichlari kamaygani qayd etilgan. Ammo 1930-yilgacha jinoyatchilik bo‘yicha yagona milliy statistika mavjud bo‘lmagani sababli, bu davrning AQSh miqyosidagi umumiy jinoyatchilik darajasiga ta’siri haqida aniq xulosa chiqarish qiyin. Umuman olganda, Quruq qonun davri davomida hatto dastlabki tarafdorlar orasida ham unga bo‘lgan qo‘llab-quvvatlash asta-sekin kamayib borgan.

Adabiyotlar

• Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia Blocker, Jack S.: . ABC-CLIO, 2003 — 23-bet. ISBN 978-1-57607-833-4. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 17-oktyabr. 
• Prohibition. PBS. ISBN 978-1-60883-430-3. OCLC {{{OCLC}}}.
• Haygood, Atticus G. Close the Saloons: A Plea for Prohibition. 8th ed. Macon, GA: J.W. Burke, 1880.
• Hopkins, Richard J. "The Prohibition and Crime". The North American Review. Volume: 222. Number: 828. September 1925. 40–44.
• Jensen, Richard J.. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896. U of Chicago Press, 1971. ISBN 978-0-226-39825-9. 
• Kingsdale, Jon M. "The 'Poor Man's Club': Social Functions of the Urban Working-Class Saloon," American Quarterly vol. 25 (October 1973): 472–489. in JSTOR (Wayback Machine saytida August 18, 2018, sanasida arxivlangan)
• Kyvig, David E. Law, Alcohol, and Order: Perspectives on National Prohibition Greenwood Press, 1985.
• Kyvig, David E. Repealing National Prohibition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.
• Lender, Mark, ed. Dictionary of American Temperance Biography Greenwood Press, 1984.
• Lusk, Rufus S. "The Drinking Habit". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Volume: 163. Prohibition: A National Experiment. September 1932. 46–52.
• Miron, Jeffrey A. and Zwiebel, Jeffrey. "Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition". American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242–247.
• Miron, Jeffrey. "Alcohol Prohibition" (Wayback Machine saytida May 25, 2017, sanasida arxivlangan). EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. September 24, 2001.
• Moore, L.J. "Historical interpretation of the 1920s Klan: the traditional view and the popular revision" Journal of Social History, 1990, 24 (2), 341–358. in JSTOR (Wayback Machine saytida March 26, 2017, sanasida arxivlangan)
• Sellman, James Clyde. "Social Movements and the Symbolism of Public Demonstrations: The 1874 Women's Crusade and German Resistance in Richmond, Indiana" Journal of Social History. Volume: 32. Issue: 3. 1999. pp 557+.
• Rumbarger, John J. Profits, Power, and Prohibition: Alcohol Reform and the Industrializing of America, 1800–1930, State University of New York Press, 1989.
• Sinclair, Andrew. Prohibition: The Era of Excess 1962.Andoza:ISBN?
• Timberlake, James. Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 Harvard University Press, 1963.Andoza:ISBN?
• Tracy, Sarah W. and Acker, Caroline J. Altering American Consciousness: The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800–2000. University of Massachusetts Press, 2004
• Walsh, Victor A. "'Drowning the Shamrock': Drink, Teetotalism and the Irish Catholics of Gilded-Age Pittsburgh," Journal of American Ethnic History vol. 10, no. 1–2 (Fall 1990–Winter 1991): 60–79.
• Welskopp, Thomas. "Bottom of the barrel: The US brewing industry and saloon culture before and during National Prohibition, 1900–1933". "Behemoth: A Journal on Civilisation". Volume: 6. Issue: 1. 2013. 27–54.
•  Willing, Joseph K. (May 1926). "The Profession of Bootlegging". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 125: 40–48. doi:10.1177/000271622612500106. S2CID 144956561.
• Allsop, Kenneth. The Bootleggers: The Story of Chicago's Prohibition Era. Arlington House, 1961. ISBN 978-0-87000-094-2. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 13-sentyabr. 
• Lowell, Baier. Federalism, Preemption, and the Nationalization of American Wildlife Management The Dynamic Balance Between State and Federal Authority. Lowell Baier, 2022. ISBN 978-1-5381-6491-4. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-may. 

Havolalar

• The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption (PDF)
• Hypertext History – U.S. Prohibition
• Prohibition news page
• Did Prohibition Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Crime?
• Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings on Alcohol Prohibition – 1926
• Policy Analysis – Alcohol Prohibition Was A Failure
• Prohibition in Appalachia: "Little Chicago" The Story of Johnson City, Tennessee
• Free from the Nightmare of Prohibition. (Wayback Machine saytida February 23, 2006, sanasida arxivlangan) (by Harry Browne)
• Historic Images of US Prohibition
• Collection of newspaper articles during the Prohibition
• Prohibition: How Dry We Ain't – slideshow by Life magazine
• "Interview With Dr. James M. Doran". Popular Science Monthly, November 1930, pp. 19–21, 146–147, interview with the Prohibition Commissioner 1930.
• "How Are You Going to Wet Your Whistle?" as recorded by Billy Murray
• Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission Report on Alcohol Prohibition)
• See more images by selecting the "Alcohol" subject at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library