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23-Iyul 2012, 12:52 dagi koʻrinishi

Tarix oʻtmish voqealar haqida axborot ochish, yigʻish, tartiblashtirish va namoyish etish bilan shugʻullanuvchi fandir. Tarix bilan shugʻullanuvchi olimlar tarixchilar, deb ataladi. Tarix fani voqealar ketma-ketligini tahlil etadi va ularning sabab va samaralarini tizimlashtiradi.^[1]^[2] Tarixchilar tarix tabiati va foydasi ustida bahs olib borishadi. Bunda ushbu fanning oʻzi ham oʻrganiladi va zamonaviy muammolarni uning yordamida hal qilishga uriniladi.^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5] Biror madaniyatga oid, biroq tashqi manbalarga asoslanmagan hikoyalar (masalan, Alpomish haqida asotirlar) tarixiy mavzu emas, balki madaniy meros sanaladi.^[6]^[7]

Olimlar orasida eramizdan avvalgi V asrlik Herodot "tarix otasi", deb hisoblanadi; u zamondoshi Fukidid bilan birga biz bilgan tarix asoslarini qurgan. Ularning taʼsiri, dunyoning boshqa tarixiy anʼanalari bilan birgalikda tarix tabiatining asrlar osha oʻzgarib kelayotgan turli talqinlariga turtki berdi. Zamonaviy tarix fani mintaqa (Italiya tarixi), davr (Yangi tarix) yoki mavzuga (Ikkinchi jahon urushi) qarab koʻp sohalarga boʻlinadi. Tarix maktab va oliy oʻquv yurtlarida oʻqitiladi.

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Professor Richard J. Evans. „The Two Faces of E.H. Carr“. History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London (2001). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 10-noyabr.
↑ Professor Alun Munslow. „What History Is“. History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London (2001). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 10-noyabr.
↑ Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History, 4th, Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 1-4058-2351-8. p 52
↑ „Introduction“,Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.): . New York & London: New York University Press, 2000 — 6 bet. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.
↑ Nash l, Gary B. „The "Convergence" Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools“,. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.): . New York & London: New York University Press, 2000 — 102–115 bet. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.
↑ Seixas, Peter „Schweigen! die Kinder!“,. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.): . New York & London: New York University Press, 2000 — 24 bet. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.
↑ Lowenthal, David „Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History“,. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.): . New York & London: New York University Press, 2000 — 63 bet. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.

Havolalar

Tarix, ZiyoNET kutubxonasi

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[evans1-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Professor Richard J. Evans. „The Two Faces of E.H. Carr“. History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London (2001). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 10-noyabr.

[2] Professor Alun Munslow. „What History Is“. History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London (2001). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 10-noyabr.

[Tosh1-3] Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History, 4th, Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 1-4058-2351-8. p 52

[4] „Introduction“,Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.): . New York & London: New York University Press, 2000 — 6 bet. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.

[5] Nash l, Gary B. „The "Convergence" Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools“,. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.): . New York & London: New York University Press, 2000 — 102–115 bet. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.

[6] Seixas, Peter „Schweigen! die Kinder!“,. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.): . New York & London: New York University Press, 2000 — 24 bet. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.

[Low1-7] Lowenthal, David „Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History“,. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.): . New York & London: New York University Press, 2000 — 63 bet. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.

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 [[Tasvir:Gyzis 006 (Ηistoria).jpeg|thumb|''Historia''<br />[[Nikolaos Gysis]] chizgan (1892).]]
-'''Tarix''' oʻtmish voqealar haqida axborot ochish, yigʻish, tartiblashtirish va namoyish etishdir. Tarix bilan shugʻullanuvchi olimlar [[tarixchi]]lar, deb ataladi. Tarix fani voqealar ketma-ketligini tahlil etadi va ularning sabab va samaralarini tizimlashtiradi.<ref name="evans1">{{cite web |url= http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html|title= The Two Faces of E.H. Carr |accessdate=10 November 2008 |author= Professor Richard J. Evans |year= 2001 |work= History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History? |publisher= University of London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html |title= What History Is |accessdate=10 November 2008 |author= Professor Alun Munslow |year= 2001 |work= History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History? |publisher= University of London}}</ref> Tarixchilar tarix tabiati va foydasi ustida bahs olib borishadi. Bunda ushbu [[fan]]ning oʻzi ham oʻrganiladi va zamonaviy muammolarni uning yordamida hal qilishga uriniladi.<ref name="evans1"/><ref name=Tosh1>{{cite book |title=The Pursuit of History|last=Tosh|first=John | publication-date=2006|publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=1-4058-2351-8 | edition=4th}}p 52</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |editor= Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Introduction |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York & London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |last= Nash l|first= Gary B. |editor= Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= The "Convergence" Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York & London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|pages=102–115}}</ref> Biror madaniyatga oid, biroq tashqi manbalarga asoslanmagan hikoyalar (masalan, [[Alpomish]] haqida asotirlar) tarixiy mavzu emas, balki [[madaniy meros]] sanaladi.<ref>{{cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |last= Seixas |first= Peter |editor= Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Schweigen! die Kinder! |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York & London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=24}}</ref><ref name="Low1">{{cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |last= Lowenthal |first= David |editor= Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York & London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=63}}</ref>
+'''Tarix''' oʻtmish voqealar haqida axborot ochish, yigʻish, tartiblashtirish va namoyish etish bilan shugʻullanuvchi fandir. Tarix bilan shugʻullanuvchi olimlar [[tarixchi]]lar, deb ataladi. Tarix fani voqealar ketma-ketligini tahlil etadi va ularning sabab va samaralarini tizimlashtiradi.<ref name="evans1">{{cite web |url= http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html|title= The Two Faces of E.H. Carr |accessdate=10 November 2008 |author= Professor Richard J. Evans |year= 2001 |work= History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History? |publisher= University of London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html |title= What History Is |accessdate=10 November 2008 |author= Professor Alun Munslow |year= 2001 |work= History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History? |publisher= University of London}}</ref> Tarixchilar tarix tabiati va foydasi ustida bahs olib borishadi. Bunda ushbu [[fan]]ning oʻzi ham oʻrganiladi va zamonaviy muammolarni uning yordamida hal qilishga uriniladi.<ref name="evans1"/><ref name=Tosh1>{{cite book |title=The Pursuit of History|last=Tosh|first=John | publication-date=2006|publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=1-4058-2351-8 | edition=4th}}p 52</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |editor= Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Introduction |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York & London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |last= Nash l|first= Gary B. |editor= Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= The "Convergence" Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York & London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|pages=102–115}}</ref> Biror madaniyatga oid, biroq tashqi manbalarga asoslanmagan hikoyalar (masalan, [[Alpomish]] haqida asotirlar) tarixiy mavzu emas, balki [[madaniy meros]] sanaladi.<ref>{{cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |last= Seixas |first= Peter |editor= Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Schweigen! die Kinder! |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York & London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=24}}</ref><ref name="Low1">{{cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |last= Lowenthal |first= David |editor= Peter N. Stearns, Peters Seixas, Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York & London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=63}}</ref>
 Olimlar orasida eramizdan avvalgi V asrlik [[Herodot]] "tarix otasi", deb hisoblanadi; u zamondoshi [[Fukidid]] bilan birga biz bilgan tarix asoslarini qurgan. Ularning taʼsiri, dunyoning boshqa tarixiy anʼanalari bilan birgalikda tarix tabiatining asrlar osha oʻzgarib kelayotgan turli talqinlariga turtki berdi. Zamonaviy tarix fani mintaqa ([[Italiya tarixi]]), davr ([[Yangi tarix]]) yoki mavzuga ([[Ikkinchi jahon urushi]]) qarab koʻp sohalarga boʻlinadi. Tarix [[maktab]] va [[Oliy oʻquv yurti|oliy oʻquv yurtlarida]] oʻqitiladi.