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'''Tula'''<ref name="Joshua Project">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15623/NI|title=Tula in Nigeria|author=|authorlink=|date=2017|editor=|format=|work=|pages=|location=|publisher={{iw|Joshua Project|Joshua Project||Joshua Project}}|accessdate=|lang=en|description=|ref=|archiveurl=https://archive.li/20171118110206/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15623/NI|archivedate=2017-11-18}}</ref><ref name="Tula. A language of Nigeria">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tul|title=Tula. A language of Nigeria|date=2017|editor=Simons G. F., Fennig C. D.|work=[[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]] (20th Edition)|pages=|location=Dallas|publisher=[[SIL International]]|lang=en|description=|archiveurl=https://archive.li/20171118110346/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tul|archivedate=2017-11-18}}</ref> (shuningdek, ''mype''; {{Lang-en|tula, ture}}; o‘z nomi: ''ki̱tule'') - [[Nigeriya|Nigeriyaning]] sharqiy qismida, Benue daryosidan shimolda, Gongola daryosidan g‘arbda va Billiri shahridan (Kaltungo tumani Gombe shtati)<ref name="Tula. A language of Nigeria"/> sharqda (30 km) yashovchi adamava-ubangi xalqi<ref name="Joshua Project"/><ref name="Tula. A language of Nigeria"/><ref>{{книга|автор={{iw|Олсон, Джеймс Стюарт|Olson J. S.||James S. Olson}}|часть=Longuda|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&dq=isbn:9780313279188&hl=ru&source=gbs_navlinks_s|заглавие=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|ответственный=|издание=|тип=|место=|издательство=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|год=1996|том=|pages=569|allpages=681|isbn=0313279187|ref=}}</ref>. Tula aholisi joylashgan viloyat yaqinida vaja, cham-mona, tangale va boshqa xalqlarning etnik hududlari joylashgan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/map/NG_05|title=Nigeria, Map 5|date=2017|editor=Simons G. F., Fennig C. D.|work=[[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]] (20th Edition)|pages=|location=Dallas|publisher=[[SIL International]]|lang=en|description=|archiveurl=https://archive.li/20170117123642/https://www.ethnologue.com/map/NG_05|archivedate=2017-01-17}}</ref>.
'''Tula'''<ref name="Joshua Project">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15623/NI|title=Tula in Nigeria|author=|authorlink=|date=2017|editor=|format=|work=|pages=|location=|publisher=|accessdate=|lang=en|description=|ref=|archiveurl=https://archive.li/20171118110206/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15623/NI|archivedate=2017-11-18}}</ref><ref name="Tula. A language of Nigeria">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tul|title=Tula. A language of Nigeria|date=2017|editor=Simons G. F., Fennig C. D.|work=[[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]] (20th Edition)|pages=|location=Dallas|publisher=[[SIL International]]|lang=en|description=|archiveurl=https://archive.li/20171118110346/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tul|archivedate=2017-11-18}}</ref> (shuningdek, ''mype''; {{Lang-en|tula, ture}}; o‘z nomi: ''ki̱tule'') - [[Nigeriya|Nigeriyaning]] sharqiy qismida, Benue daryosidan shimolda, Gongola daryosidan g‘arbda va Billiri shahridan (Kaltungo tumani Gombe shtati)<ref name="Tula. A language of Nigeria"/> sharqda (30 km) yashovchi adamava-ubangi xalqi<ref name="Joshua Project"/><ref name="Tula. A language of Nigeria"/><ref>{{книга|James S. Olson}}|часть=Longuda|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&dq=isbn:9780313279188&hl=ru&source=gbs_navlinks_s|заглавие=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|ответственный=|издание=|тип=|место=|издательство=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|год=1996|том=|pages=569|allpages=681|isbn=0313279187|ref=}}</ref>. Tula aholisi joylashgan viloyat yaqinida vaja, cham-mona, tangale va boshqa xalqlarning etnik hududlari joylashgan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/map/NG_05|title=Nigeria, Map 5|date=2017|editor=Simons G. F., Fennig C. D.|work=[[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]] (20th Edition)|pages=|location=Dallas|publisher=[[SIL International]]|lang=en|description=|archiveurl=https://archive.li/20170117123642/https://www.ethnologue.com/map/NG_05|archivedate=2017-01-17}}</ref>.


Joshua Project tashkilotining saytida e'lon qilingan hisob-kitoblarga ko‘ra, Tula aholisining soni taxminan 53 000 odamni tashkil qiladi<ref name="Joshua Project"/>.
Joshua Project tashkilotining saytida e'lon qilingan hisob-kitoblarga ko‘ra, Tula aholisining soni taxminan 53 000 odamni tashkil qiladi<ref name="Joshua Project"/>.

23-May 2022, 09:37 dagi koʻrinishi

Tula[1][2] (shuningdek, mype; inglizcha: tula, ture; o‘z nomi: ki̱tule) - Nigeriyaning sharqiy qismida, Benue daryosidan shimolda, Gongola daryosidan g‘arbda va Billiri shahridan (Kaltungo tumani Gombe shtati)[2] sharqda (30 km) yashovchi adamava-ubangi xalqi[1][2][3]. Tula aholisi joylashgan viloyat yaqinida vaja, cham-mona, tangale va boshqa xalqlarning etnik hududlari joylashgan[4].

Joshua Project tashkilotining saytida e'lon qilingan hisob-kitoblarga ko‘ra, Tula aholisining soni taxminan 53 000 odamni tashkil qiladi[1].

Tula xalqi Nigeriya-Kongolez makro oilasining Adamava-Ubangi oilasining tula tilida gaplashadi[5][6][7]. Uchta dialekt mavjud - Baule, Kutule va Yili. Tula tili "type", "kotule", "kutule" (o‘z nomi - yii ki̱tule) nomlari bilan ham tanilgan. Ethnologiue jahon tillari ma'lumotnomasida va Buyuk rus ensiklopediyasida taqdim etilgan Adamava tillari tasnifida Tula tili Bangvinji va Vaja tillari bilan birgalikda Vaja-jen turkumi Vaja guruhining Tula kichik guruhiga kiritilgan[2][8]. Yozuv 1997-yilda lotin alifbosi asosida yaratildi. Tili boshlang‘ich va o‘rta maktablarda o‘qitiladi. Ikkinchi til sifatida, Tula yaqin turdosh Adamava-Ubangi tili Dadiyada so‘zlashuvchilar orasida keng tarqalgan. Tula tilida so‘zlashuvchilar soni, "Ethnologue" ma'lumotnomasida chop etilgan ma'lumotlarga ko‘ra, taxminan 30 000 kishi (1998)[9][10].

Asosan, Tula xalqi vakillari an'anaviy e'tiqodlariga (75%) rioya qilishadi, Tulaning bir qismi nasroniylikni (15%), bir qismi - Islomni (10%) qabul qilgan[1][2].

Manbalar

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 „Tula in Nigeria“ (en) (2017). 2017-yil 18-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Simons G. F., Fennig C. D.: „Tula. A language of Nigeria“ (en). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition). Dallas: SIL International (2017). 2017-yil 18-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  3. ↑ . |часть=Longuda|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&dq=isbn:9780313279188&hl=ru&source=gbs_navlinks_s%7Cзаглавие=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|ответственный=|издание=|тип=|место=|издательство=Greenwood Publishing Group|год=1996|том=|pages=569|allpages=681|isbn=0313279187|ref=}}
  4. ↑ Simons G. F., Fennig C. D.: „Nigeria, Map 5“ (en). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition). Dallas: SIL International (2017). 2017-yil 17-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  5. ↑ Виноградов В. А. Andoza:Статья ЛЭС „Архивированная копия“. 2017-yil 24-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 18-noyabr.
  6. ↑ Blench R. „The Adamawa Languages“ (en) (pdf) P. 1. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2004). 2017-yil 24-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  7. ↑ Hammarström H., Forkel R., Haspelmath M., Bank S.: „Language: Tula“ (en). Glottolog[en]. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History[en] (2016). 2017-yil 18-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  8. ↑ Blench R. „An Atlas of Nigerian Languages. 3rd Edition“ (en) (pdf) P. 83, 94. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). 2016-yil 28-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  9. ↑ Andoza:БРЭ „Архивированная копия“. 2017-yil 25-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 21-iyun.
  10. ↑ Simons G. F., Fennig C. D.: „Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo. Volta-Congo. North. Adamawa-Ubangi. Adamawa“ (en). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition). Dallas: SIL International (2017). 2017-yil 26-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. 
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