Matriarxal din

Matriarxal din – ma'buda yoki ma'budalarga e'tibor qaratiladigan din.^[1] Bu atama ko'pincha Iogann Yakob Baxofen, Jeyn Ellen Xarrison va Marija Gimbutas kabi olimlar tomonidan ilgari surilgan. Keyinchalik esa ikkinchi to'lqin feminizmi tomonidan ommalashgan tarixdan oldingi matriarxal dinlar nazariyalariga ishora qilish uchun ishlatiladi. XX asrda ushbu amaliyotlarni qayta tiklash harakati ma'buda harakati bilan yakunlandi.

Tarix[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Tarixdan oldingi matriarxat tushunchasi 1861-yil Iogann Yakob Baxofenning "Ona huquqi: Qadimgi dunyoda matriarxatning diniy va huquqiy xarakterini tekshirish" asarida kiritilgan. Baxofrn tarixiy patriarxatlar ibtidoiy matriarxatga nisbatan oldinroq paydo bo'lgan va tarixdan oldingi dinni "xtonik-onalik" deb ta'kidlagan. Baxofen matriarxal jamiyat va xtonik sirli kultlar dinning tarixiy rivojlanishining to'rt bosqichidan ikkinchisi bo'lgan modelni taqdim etadi. Birinchi bosqichni u "Geterizm" deb atadi, bu poliamor va kommunistik hayot tarzini amalga oshiradigan paleolit ovchi-yig'uvchilar jamiyati sifatida tavsiflanadi. Ikkinchi bosqich - neolit, qishloq xo'jaligining matriarxal oy bosqichi, hukmron xudo Demeterning dastlabki shakli. Shundan so'ng paydo bo'lgan patriarxatning "dionisiy" bosqichi, nihoyat, patriarxatning "apollon" bosqichi va klassik antik davrda sivilizatsiya paydo bo'lishi bilan yakunlandi.^[2] Bu davr patriarxatning paydo bo'lishi bilan almashtirilgan oltin davr ekanligi haqidagi g'oyani birinchi marta Fridrix Engels o'zining "Oila, xususiy mulk va davlatning kelib chiqishi" asarida tasvirlab bergan.^[3]

Minoan sivilizatsiyasining asosiy kashfiyotchisi va targ'ibotchisi bo'lgan britaniyalik arxeolog ser Artur Evans, Mino dini ozmi-ko'pmi faqat ona ma'budaga sig'inadi, deb hisoblardi va uning fikri XX asrning birinchi yarmida hukmron sifatida o'z ta'sirini ko'rsatdi. Turli sohalarda fikrlash, zamonaviy olimlar, ona yoki tabiat ma'budasi, ehtimol, bosh (dominant) xudo bo'lgan, ammo erkak xudolar ham bo'lgan degan fikrga qo'shiladilar.

1900-yilning boshlarida tarixchi Jeyn Ellen Xarrison Olimpiya panteoni yer ma'budalariga sig'inish o'rnini egallagan degan nazariyani ilgari surdi.^[4]

Robert Graves 1950-yillarda o'zining "Yunon afsonalari " va "Oq ma'buda" asarlarida tarixdan oldingi matriarxal dinni ilgari surgan va "Yangi Kritdagi yetti kun " romanida matriarxal dinga ega bo'lajak jamiyatning batafsil tasvirini bergan.^[5]

Graves va boshqa manbalardan ilhomlangan avstriyalik syurrealist Volfgang Paalen o'zining " Pays interdit " ("Taqiqlangan hudud") rasmida ayol ma'buda hukmronlik qiladigan apokaliptik landshaftni va erkak xudolarning timsoli sifatida qulagan meteoritni chizadi. sayyoralar kabi.

↑ Andersen, Margaret L.. Sociology: The Essentials. Cengage Learning, 2010 — 439 bet. ISBN 9780495812234.
↑ Bachofen, Johann Jakob. Myth, Religion, and Mother Right: Selected Writings. Princeton University Press, 1992 — 93 bet. ISBN 9780691017976. 2012-yil 12-dekabrda qaraldi. „Although the struggle of matriarchy against other forms is revealed by diverse phenomena, the underlying principle of development is clear. Matriarchy is followed by patriarchy and preceded by unregulated hetaerism.“
↑ Eller, Cynthia „Ancient Matriarchies in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Feminist Thought“,. The Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America Rosemary Skinner Keller: . Indiana University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780253346872. 2012-yil 12-dekabrda qaraldi. „It restated the theories of Bachofen and Morgan but construed the era of ancient matriarchy as a golden age of sorts and described the patriarchal revolution as simultaneous with the evils (and benefits) of private property and the state.“
↑ Wheeler-Barclay, Marjorie „Jane Ellen Harrison“,. The Science of Religion in Britain, 1860-1915, Victorian Literature and Culture Series. University of Virginia Press, 2010 — 231 bet. ISBN 9780813930107. „[I]t was her interest in matriarchal religion and her insistence on its importance that most distinctly set her apart from other British scholars.... As early as 1900, she made note of the evidence of an older stratum of religion--the worship of earth goddesses--lying beneath Olympianism and supplanted it.“
↑ Smeds, John (Winter 1990–1991). „Graves, Bachofen and the Matriarchy Debate“ (PDF). Focus on Robert Graves and His Contemporaries. 1-jild, № 10. 1–17-bet. 2016-03-03da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 12 December 2012.

[1] Andersen, Margaret L.. Sociology: The Essentials. Cengage Learning, 2010 — 439 bet. ISBN 9780495812234.

[2] Bachofen, Johann Jakob. Myth, Religion, and Mother Right: Selected Writings. Princeton University Press, 1992 — 93 bet. ISBN 9780691017976. 2012-yil 12-dekabrda qaraldi. „Although the struggle of matriarchy against other forms is revealed by diverse phenomena, the underlying principle of development is clear. Matriarchy is followed by patriarchy and preceded by unregulated hetaerism.“

[3] Eller, Cynthia „Ancient Matriarchies in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Feminist Thought“,. The Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America Rosemary Skinner Keller: . Indiana University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780253346872. 2012-yil 12-dekabrda qaraldi. „It restated the theories of Bachofen and Morgan but construed the era of ancient matriarchy as a golden age of sorts and described the patriarchal revolution as simultaneous with the evils (and benefits) of private property and the state.“

[4] Wheeler-Barclay, Marjorie „Jane Ellen Harrison“,. The Science of Religion in Britain, 1860-1915, Victorian Literature and Culture Series. University of Virginia Press, 2010 — 231 bet. ISBN 9780813930107. „[I]t was her interest in matriarchal religion and her insistence on its importance that most distinctly set her apart from other British scholars.... As early as 1900, she made note of the evidence of an older stratum of religion--the worship of earth goddesses--lying beneath Olympianism and supplanted it.“

[5] Smeds, John (Winter 1990–1991). „Graves, Bachofen and the Matriarchy Debate“ (PDF). Focus on Robert Graves and His Contemporaries. 1-jild, № 10. 1–17-bet. 2016-03-03da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 12 December 2012.

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