Feruzaqanotlilar

Feruzaqanotlar
	; Arion feruzaqanoti (Phengaris arion), Lycaenidae oilasi vakili
Ilmiy tasniflash
Olam:	Hayvonlar
Tip:	Boʻgʻimoyoqlilar
Sinf:	Hasharotlar
Turkum:	Tangachaqanotlilar
Oila:	Feruzaqanotlar
Binar nomi
	; (Leach, 1815)
Kenja oilalar
	Aphnaeinae; Curetinae; Lycaeninae – mis ranglilar; Miletinae – yig‘uvchilar; Polyommatinae – ko‘k kapalaklar; Poritiinae; Theclinae – uzun dumli kapalaklar;

Feruzaqanotlilar^[1] (Lycaenidae) — kapalaklarning (Nimfaqanotlardan^[2] keyin) ikkinchi eng yirik oilasi bo‘lib, dunyo bo‘ylab 6000 dan ortiq turni o‘z ichiga oladi.^[3] Ushbu oila vakillari yupqa qanotli kapalaklar deb ham ataladi. Ular ma’lum bo‘lgan kapalak turlarining taxminan 30 foizini tashkil etadi.

Oila yettita kenja oilani, jumladan ko‘k kapalaklar (Polyommatinae), mis ranglilar (Lycaeninae), uzun dumli kapalaklar (Theclinae) va yig‘uvchilarni (Miletinae) o‘z ichiga oladi.

Tavsifi, oziqlanishi va hayot sikli

Voyaga yetgan kapalaklar kichik bo‘lib, odatda 5 sm dan oshmaydi va yorqin rangli, ba’zan metall yaltiroqligiga ega bo‘ladi. Feruzaqanotlar qanotlari odatda ko‘k yoki yashil rangda. Ushbu kapalaklarning yarmidan ko‘pi chumolilar bilan u yoki bu tarzda bog‘liq.^[4]

Lichinkalar (qurtlar) silindrsimon emas, balki ko‘proq yassi shaklda bo‘lib, chumolilarni o‘ziga tortadigan va tinchlantiradigan moddalar chiqaruvchi bezlarga ega. Ularning kutikulasi (terisi) qalinlashgan bo‘ladi. Ba’zi lichinkalar o‘zlari yashaydigan substrat orqali tarqaladigan tebranishlar va past tovushlarni chiqarish qobiliyatiga ega. Ular ushbu tovushlardan chumolilar bilan muloqot qilishda foydalanadilar.^[5]^[6]

Voyaga yetgan shaxslar ko‘pincha qora va oq halqali ko‘rinishga ega bo‘lgan tukli antennaga o‘xshash dumlarga ega. Ko‘pgina turlarning dum qismida dog‘ mavjud bo‘lib, ba’zilari qo‘nganda potentsial yirtqichlarni haqiqiy bosh yo‘nalishini aniqlashda chalg‘itish uchun aylanib oladilar. Bu yirtqichlarning haqiqiy bosh qismi o‘rniga soxta boshga hujum qilishiga olib keladi, natijada kapalak vizual aniqlanishdan qochadi yoki yirtqich soxta boshga hujum qilib, tumshug‘i changli tangachalar bilan qoladi.^[7]

Lycaenid qurtlari oziqlanish odatlariga ko‘ra xilma-xildir va fitofagiyadan (o‘simlikxo‘rlik) tashqari, ba’zilari entomofagiya (hasharotxo‘rlik) xususiyatiga ega bo‘lib, shiralar, koksidlar va chumoli lichinkalari bilan oziqlanadi. Ba’zi lycaenidlar chumolilar bilan bog‘liqlikdan foydalanib, ularni trofallaksis (oziq moddalar almashinuvi) jarayoni orqali o‘zlarini oziqlantirishga majbur qiladilar. Barcha lycaenid kapalaklari ham chumolilarga muhtoj emas, ammo turlarning taxminan 75 foizi chumolilar bilan bog‘langan bo‘lib,^[5] bu munosabat mirmekofiliya deb ataladi. Ushbu assotsiatsiyalar turga qarab mutualistik, parazitik yoki yirtqichlik xususiyatiga ega bo‘lishi mumkin.

Ba’zi turlarda lichinkalar o‘simlik bilan oziqlanish jarayonida chumolilar tomonidan qo‘riqlanadi va himoya qilinadi, buning evaziga chumolilar ulardan butun lichinka hayoti davomida, ba’zi turlarda esa g‘umbak bosqichida ham shakarli shira (asal shudring) oladilar. Boshqa turlarda faqat dastlabki bir necha yosh o‘simlikda o‘tadi, lichinka hayotining qolgan qismi esa chumolilar uyasida yirtqich sifatida kechadi. U chumolilarning oziq moddalari bilan oziqlanadigan parazitga yoki chumoli lichinkalarini yeydigan yirtqichga aylanadi.^[5] Qurtlar chumolilar uyasi ichida g‘umbakka aylanadi va chumolilar g‘umbaklarni parvarish qilishda davom etadilar. Voyaga yetgan kapalaklar chiqishidan biroz oldin g‘umbak ichidagi kapalak qanotlari undan ajraladi va g‘umbak kumush rangga kiradi. Yetuk kapalak uch-to‘rt haftadan so‘ng g‘umbakdan chiqadi, ammo u hali ham chumolilar uyasida bo‘ladi. Kapalak qanotlarini yozishdan oldin chumolilar uyasidan sudralib chiqishi kerak.

Ushbu assotsiatsiyalarni amalga oshirishga bir nechta evolyutsion moslashuvlar, jumladan qurtlarning terisidagi "gumbazsimon teshik organlari" deb ataladigan kichik bezlar yordam beradi. Ko‘pgina turlarning qurtlari yettinchi qorin segmentida shira ishlab chiqaradigan bezga ega bo‘lib, u "orqa nektar bezi" (yoki "Newcomer bezi") deb ataladi. Sakkizinchi qorin segmentida "tentakulyar organ" (paypaslagich organi) deb ataladigan tashqariga chiqara olinadigan organ mavjud bo‘lib, u silindrsimon shaklda va tikanlar halqasi bilan qoplangan; bu organ chumolilar bilan muloqot qilishda yordam beradigan kimyoviy signallar chiqaradi deb hisoblanadi.^[8]

Kenja oilalar

Ko‘pgina taksonomistlar Feruzaqanotlilar tarkibiga faqat Lycaeninae, Theclinae, Polyommatinae, Poritiinae, Miletinae va Curetinae kenja oilalarini kiritadilar.^[9]^[10] Ilgari Theclinae tarkibida triba (Aphnaeini) bo‘lgan Aphnaeinae yaqinda kenja oila maqomini oldi.^[11]

Curetinae (Sharqiy yoki Palearktika). Tanlangan turlar:
- Curetis thetis
Miletinae – yig‘uvchilar (asosan Afrika yoki Sharqiy, bittasi Nearktika), ehtimol barchasi shira yoki ularning ajratmalari bilan oziqlanadi. Tanlangan turlar:
- Liphyra brassolis – kuya kapalak (eng yirik lycaenid)
Poritiinae (Sharqiy va Afrotropik)
Aphnaeinae (Afrotropik va Sharqiy)
Theclinae – uzun dumli kapalaklar (odatda dumli) va elflar (dumsiz) (global). Tanlangan turlar:
- Arhopala – eman ko‘k kapalaklari
- Atlides halesus – katta binafsharang uzun dumli kapalak
- Eumaeus atala – Atala
- Satyrium pruni – qora uzun dumli kapalak
Lycaeninae – mis ranglilar (Golarktika). Tanlangan turlar:
- Iophanus pyrrhias – Gvatemala mis ranglisi
- Lycaena boldenarum
- Lycaena epixanthe
- Lycaena rauparaha
- Lycaena dispar – katta mis rangli kapalak
- Lycaena phlaeas – kichik mis rangli kapalak
- Lycaena heteronea – ko‘k mis rangli kapalak
Polyommatinae – ko‘k kapalaklar (global). Tanlangan turlar:
- Celastrina ladon – bahoriy lojuvard
- Chilades – javohir ko‘k kapalaklar
- Cupido comyntas – sharqiy dumli ko‘k kapalak
- Cupido minimus – kichik ko‘k kapalak
- Cyaniris semiargus
- Euphilotes battoides allyni
- Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana
- Glaucopsyche lygdamus – kumushsimon ko‘k kapalak
- Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis
- Glaucopsyche xerces (qirilib ketgan) – Xerces ko‘k kapalagi
- Icaricia icarioides fenderi
- Phengaris arion – katta ko‘k kapalak
- Polyommatus icarus – oddiy ko‘k kapalak
- Pseudozizeeria maha – och o‘t-o‘lan ko‘k kapalagi
- Plebejus argus
- Talicada nyseus

Ba’zi eski tasniflarda Liphyrinae (hozirda Miletinae tarkibidagi Liphyrini tribasi), Lipteninae (hozirda Poritiinae tarkibidagi Liptenini tribasi) yoki Riodininae (hozirda alohida oila: Riodinidae) kabi boshqa kenja oilalar ham kiritilgan edi.

Fosil (toshga aylangan) Lithodryas urug‘i odatda (lekin so‘zsiz emas) shu yerga joylashtiriladi; Lithopsyche ba’zan shu yerda, ba’zan esa Riodininae tarkibida joylashtiriladi.

Shuningdek qarang

Lycaenid urug‘lari ro‘yxati

Qo‘shimcha o‘qish uchun

Bridges, Charles A. (1994). Catalogue of the Family-Group, Genus-Group and Species-Group Names of the Riodinidae & Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the World. Urbana, Ill.
Eliot, J. N. (1973). "The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology). 28: 371–505.
Glassberg, Jeffrey (2001). Butterflies Through Binoculars, The West
Guppy, Crispin S. & Shepard, Jon H. (2001). Butterflies of British Columbia
James, David G. and Nunnallee, David (2011). Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies
Pelham, Jonathan (2008). Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada
Pyle, Robert Michael (2002). The Butterflies of Cascadia

Manbalar

↑ Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi yaniy aynan shu kitobda 51 betida Lycaenidae atamasini "Feruzaqanotlar " deb keltirishadi. https://zakm.uz/media/books/Kapalaklar_olamiga_sayohat.pdf.
↑ https://zakm.uz/media/books/Kapalaklar_olamiga_sayohat.pdf.
↑ Pierce, Naomi E.; Braby, Michael F.; Heath, Alan; Lohman, David J.; Mathew, John; Rand, Douglas B.; Travassos, Mark A. (January 2002). "The Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)". Annual Review of Entomology 47 (1): 733–771. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257. PMID 11729090.
↑ Ueda, Shouhei; Komatsu, Takashi; Itino, Takao; Arai, Ryusuke; Sakamoto, Hironori (3 November 2016). "Host-ant specificity of endangered large blue butterflies (Phengaris spp., Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Japan". Scientific Reports 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep36364. PMID 27808223. PMC 5093462. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5093462.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 Pierce, Naomi E.; Braby, Michael F.; Heath, Alan; Lohman, David J.; Mathew, John; Rand, Douglas B.; Travassos, Mark A. (January 2002). "The Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)". Annual Review of Entomology 47 (1): 733–771. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257. ProQuest 222345887. PMID 11729090.
↑ DeVries, Philip J. (1992). "Singing Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis". Scientific American 267 (4): 76–83. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1092-76.
↑ Robbins, Robert K. (1981). "The 'False Head' Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies". The American Naturalist 118 (5): 770–775. doi:10.1086/283868.
↑ "Lycaenid Butterflies and Ants". Australian Museum. Arxivlangan: 18 Noyabr 2007.
↑ Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2008). "Lycaenidae [Leach] 1815". Version 25 April 2008 (qurilish jarayonida). The Tree of Life Web Project.
↑ Ackery, P. R.; de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1999). "The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, and Papilionoidea". Pages 264-300 in: Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology Vol. IV, Part 35. N. P. Kristensen, ed. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
↑ Boyle, John H.; Kaliszewska, Zofia A.; Espeland, Marianne; Suderman, Tamara R.; Fleming, Jake; Heath, Alan; Pierce, Naomi E. (January 2015). "Phylogeny of the A phnaeinae: myrmecophilous A frican butterflies with carnivorous and herbivorous life histories". Systematic Entomology 40 (1): 169–182. doi:10.1111/syen.12098.

Havolalar

Tree of Life Web Project
Bartlett, Troy „Family Lycaenidae – Blues, Coppers, Hairstreaks, Harvesters“. BugGuide (2017-yil 18-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 5-fevral.
"Family Lycaenidae". Insecta.pro.
Lycaeninae [Leach, 1815 Feruzaqanotlilar: ITIS saytidagi taksonomiya]
Royal Museum for Central Africa Lycaenidae tasvirlari [1] (Wayback Machine saytida 2012-10-31 sanasida arxivlangan)
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Butterflies of America

[1] Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi yaniy aynan shu kitobda 51 betida Lycaenidae atamasini "Feruzaqanotlar " deb keltirishadi. https://zakm.uz/media/books/Kapalaklar_olamiga_sayohat.pdf.

[2] https://zakm.uz/media/books/Kapalaklar_olamiga_sayohat.pdf.

[3] Pierce, Naomi E.; Braby, Michael F.; Heath, Alan; Lohman, David J.; Mathew, John; Rand, Douglas B.; Travassos, Mark A. (January 2002). "The Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)". Annual Review of Entomology 47 (1): 733–771. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257. PMID 11729090.

[4] Ueda, Shouhei; Komatsu, Takashi; Itino, Takao; Arai, Ryusuke; Sakamoto, Hironori (3 November 2016). "Host-ant specificity of endangered large blue butterflies (Phengaris spp., Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Japan". Scientific Reports 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep36364. PMID 27808223. PMC 5093462. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5093462.

[pierce-5] 5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 Pierce, Naomi E.; Braby, Michael F.; Heath, Alan; Lohman, David J.; Mathew, John; Rand, Douglas B.; Travassos, Mark A. (January 2002). "The Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)". Annual Review of Entomology 47 (1): 733–771. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257. ProQuest 222345887. PMID 11729090.

[6] DeVries, Philip J. (1992). "Singing Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis". Scientific American 267 (4): 76–83. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1092-76.

[7] Robbins, Robert K. (1981). "The 'False Head' Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies". The American Naturalist 118 (5): 770–775. doi:10.1086/283868.

[8] "Lycaenid Butterflies and Ants". Australian Museum. Arxivlangan: 18 Noyabr 2007.

[tolweb.org-9] Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2008). "Lycaenidae [Leach] 1815". Version 25 April 2008 (qurilish jarayonida). The Tree of Life Web Project.

[10] Ackery, P. R.; de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1999). "The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, and Papilionoidea". Pages 264-300 in: Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology Vol. IV, Part 35. N. P. Kristensen, ed. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York.

[Boyle_et_al.,_2015-11] Boyle, John H.; Kaliszewska, Zofia A.; Espeland, Marianne; Suderman, Tamara R.; Fleming, Jake; Heath, Alan; Pierce, Naomi E. (January 2015). "Phylogeny of the A phnaeinae: myrmecophilous A frican butterflies with carnivorous and herbivorous life histories". Systematic Entomology 40 (1): 169–182. doi:10.1111/syen.12098.

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