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Jon F. Kennedi xalqaro aeroporti

Koordinatalari: 40°38′23″N 73°46′44″W / 40.63972°N 73.77889°W / 40.63972; -73.77889
Vikipediya, erkin ensiklopediya
Jon F. Kennedi xalqaro aeroporti
Jon F. Kennedi xalqaro aeroportining yuqoridan koʻrinishi, 2018-yil noyabr
IATA kodi: JFK – ICAO kodi: KJFK – FAA identifikatori: JFK
– WMO identifikatori: 74486
Qisqacha bayon
Aeroport turi Fuqarolik
Egasi/Operator Port Authority of New York and New Jersey[1]
Xizmat doirasi Nyu-York metropolitan hududi
Joylashuvi Yamayka, Queens, Nyu-York, AQSh
Ochilgan 1-iyul, 1948-yil (77 yil avval) (1948-07-01)
Havo yoʻli tuguni
  • American Airlines
  • Atlas Air
  • Delta Air Lines
  • Kalitta Air
Markazi
Dengiz sathidan balandligi 4 m / 13 ft
Koordinatalari 40°38′23″N 73°46′44″W / 40.63972°N 73.77889°W / 40.63972; -73.77889
Vebsayti jfkairport.com
Xaritas
FAA aeroport diagrammasi, 2019-yil
FAA aeroport diagrammasi, 2019-yil
JFK (AQSh)
JFK
Uchish/qoʻnish yoʻlaklari
Uzunligi Yuzasi
m ft
4L/22R 3,460 12,079 Beton[2]
4R/22L 2,560 8,400 Asfalt
13L/31R 3,048 10,000 Beton
13R/31L 4,423 14,511 Beton
Maʼlumotlar (2024)
Parvozlar soni 468 568
Yoʻlovchilar soni 63 265 972
Yalpi kargo va pochta (qisqa tonna) 1 672 227
Manba: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey[3] FAA[4]

Jon F. Kennedi xalqaro aeroporti (inglizcha: John F. Kennedy International Airport) (IATA: JFK, ICAO: KJFK, FAA LID: JFK) (ogʻzaki nutqda JFK, JFK aeroporti va Kennedi aeroporti deb ham aytiladi) – AQShning Nyu-York shahri va uning aglomeratsiyasiga xizmat koʻrsatuvchi asosiy xalqaro aeroport. JFK aeroporti Nyu-York shahrining Queens borosida, Long-aylendning janubi-gʻarbiy qirgʻogʻida, Yamayka koʻrfazi bilan chegarada joylashgan. Nyu-York aeroport tizimidagi yettita aeroportning eng gavjumi, AQShning oltinchi eng gavjum aeroporti hamda Shimoliy Amerikaning eng gavjum xalqaro tijoriy aeroportidir[5]. 5,200 akr (2,104 ga) maydonni egallagan aeroport Nyu-York metropolitan hududida eng yirik hisoblanadi[6]. 90 ortiq aviakompaniya JFK aeroportidan inson yashaydigan oltita qitʼaga toʻxtovsiz yoki toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri qatnovlarni amalga oshiradi[7][8].

JFK aeroporti Queensning Yamayka mahallasida[9], Midtown Manhattandan 16 milya (26 km) janubi-sharqda joylashgan. Aeroportda beshta yoʻlovchi terminali va toʻrtta uchish-qoʻnish yoʻlagi mavjud. Unga birinchi navbatda JFK Expressway yoki Interstate 678 (Van Wyck Expressway) yoki poyezd orqali avtomobil, avtobus, transport vositasi yoki boshqa transport vositalari orqali kirish mumkin. JFK American Airlines va Delta Air Lines uchun aviahab hamda JetBlue Airways uchun asosiy operatsion bazadir[10]. Aeroport, shuningdek, Braniff, Eastern, Flying Tigers, National, Northeast, Northwest, Pan Am, Seaboard World, Tower Air, va TWA uchun eski aviahab hisoblanadi.

Inshoot 1948-yil Nyu-York xalqaro aeroporti sifatida faoliyat boshlagan[11][12][13] va koʻproq Idlewild aeroporti sifatida tanilgan[14]. 1963-yilda Jon F. Kennedi oʻldirilishidan soʻng, uning sharafiga aeroport Jon F. Kennedi xalqaro aeroporti deb oʻzgartirilgan[15][16][17].

Tarixi

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Nyu-York shahri va JFK (1), LaGuardia (2), Nyuark (3) aeroportlarining joylashuvini koʻrsatuvchi xarita

Qurilishi

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Aeroport 1948-yilda Nyu York xalqaro aeroporti sifatida ochilgan[11][12][13] va koʻpchilik uni joylashgan Idlewild koʻrfazi golf maydoni nomi bilan Idlewild aeroporti deb atagan[14]. JFK 1939-yilda ochilgan LaGuardia aeroporti yuklamasini kamaytirish uchun qurilgan[18]:2.  1941-yil oxirida mer Fiorello La Guardia shahar yangi aerodrom uchun Yamayka koʻrfazidagi katta botqoqlik hududini, u yerda Idlewild golf maydoni, yozgi mehmonxona va Yamayka gidroport nomli uchish-qoʻnish maydonchasi joylashganini, dastlabki tanlov sifatida eʼlon qilgan[18]:2[19]. 1941-yil dekabr oxirida yer huquqi shahar tasarrufiga oʻtkazildi[20]. Qurilish 1943-yilda boshlandi[21], biroq aeroportning yakuniy loyihasi hali belgilanmagan edi[18]:2–3 .

Dastlab davlat mablagʻlari hisobidan qariyb 60 million AQSh dollari sarflandi, biroq Idlewild golf maydoni hududidan faqat 1,000 akr (400 ga) maydon foydalanish uchun ajratilgan edi[22]. 1943-yilda loyiha queenslik va AQSh janubida federal milliy gvardiya boʻlinmasini boshqargan hamda 1942-yil oxirida vafot etgan general-mayor Alexander E. Anderson nomiga oʻzgartirildi. Biroq La Guardia bu oʻzgartirishni veto qildi, keyinroq Nyu-York shahar kengashi uni qayta tasdiqladi; kundalik nutqda esa aeroport hali ham „Idlewild“ deb atalardi[23]. 1944-yilda Nyu-York shahar kengashi Idlewild uchun qoʻshimcha 1,350 akr (550 ga) yer maydonini majburiy tartibda ajratishni maʼqulladi[24]. New York Authority (hozirgi Port Authority of New York and New Jersey) 1947-yilda Idlewild hududini Nyu-York shahridan ijaraga oldi[18]:3 va bu ijara hozirgacha amal qilib keladi[1]. 1948-yil mart oyida shahar kengashi rasmiy nomni Nyu-York xalqaro aeroporti, Anderson aerodromi deb oʻzgartirdi, biroq ommaviy nom 1963-yil 24-dekabrigacha „Idlewild“ boʻlib qoldi[16][25]. Aeroport dunyodagi eng yirik va eng samarali, „chalkashliksiz va tirbandliksiz“ faoliyat yuritadigan obyekt sifatida moʻljallangan edi[18]:3[26].

Dastlabki faoliyati

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President Truman shakes hands with Governor Dewey at Idlewild Airport
Prezident Truman (chapda) Idlewild aeroportining ochilish marosimida gubernator Dewey (oʻngda) bilan

Idlewilddan birinchi parvoz 1948-yil 1-iyulda boʻlib oʻtdi, ochilish marosimida AQSh prezidenti Harry S. Truman va Nyu-York gubernatori Thomas E. Dewey qatnashdi[22][27], ikkalasi ham oʻsha yili prezidentlik saylovida nomzod sifatida qatnashayotgan edi. Port boshqarmasi xorijiy aviakompaniyalar uchun LaGuardiadan foydalanish ruxsatnomasini bekor qildi va ularni keyingi bir necha yil ichida Idlewildga koʻchishga majbur qildi[28]. Oʻsha paytda Idlewildda 79,280-kvadrat-fut (7,365 m2) maydonga ega yagona terminal binosi mavjud edi[18]:3;  1949-yilga kelib terminal 215,501 kvadrat fut (20,021 m2) gacha kengaytirildi[29]. Keyingi yillarda yanada kengaytirish ishlari amalga oshirildi, jumladan 1952-yilda boshqaruv minorasi[30], yangi va kengaytirilgan binolar hamda yoʻlaklar barpo etildi[31][32].

Idlewild dastlab oltita uchish-qoʻnish yoʻlagiga ega edi va yettinchisi qurilayotgan edi[33]; 1L va 7L uchish-qoʻnish yoʻlaklari zaxirada qolib, hech qachon foydalanilmagan. 31R uchish-qoʻnish yoʻlagi (dastlab 8,000 ft or 2,438 m) hozirgacha ishlatilmoqda; 31L yoʻlagi (dastlab 9,500 ft or 2,896 m) aeroportning qolgan qismlari bilan birga tez orada ochildi va hozirgacha ishlatilmoqda; 1R yoʻlagi 1957-yilda yopildi, 7R yoʻlagi esa taxminan 1966-yilda yopildi. 4-yoʻlak (dastlab 8 000 fut, hozirgi 4L yoʻlagi) 1949-yil iyunida ochildi, 4R yoʻlagi esa oʻn yil oʻtib qoʻshildi. Kichikroq 14/32 yoʻlagi 7R yopilgandan keyin qurildi va 1990-yilgacha[34] umumiy aviatsiya, STOL va kichik tijoriy reyslari uchun ishlatildi.

Idlewildga qoʻngan birinchi reaktiv samolyot – Avro Jetliner boʻlib, u 1950-yil 18-aprel kuni Toronto shahridagi Malton aeroportidan uchib kelgan va dunyodagi birinchi reaktiv havo pochtasi yukini olib kelgan edi[35][36]. 1951-yilda Port boshqarmasi siyosati amalda shahar aeroportlariga reaktiv samolyotlarning qoʻnishini taqiqladi[37]. Sinovlar shuni koʻrsatdiki, u oʻsha paytdagi eng shovqinli vintli samolyotlardan balandroq emas edi, shundan soʻng 1957-yil 2-mayda Sud Aviation Caravelle prototipi Idlewildga qoʻngan navbatdagi reaktiv yoʻlovchi samolyoti boʻldi[38][39]. 1957-yil oxirida Sovet Ittifoqi diplomatlarni olib keladigan ikkita reaktiv Tupolev Tu-104 parvozi uchun ruxsat olishga harakat qildi; ammo Port boshqarmasi avval shovqin sinovlari oʻtkazilishi kerakligini aytib, bunga ruxsat bermadi[40].

1951-yilda aeroport oʻrtacha kuniga 73 ta aviakompaniya operatsiyalarini (uchish va qoʻnish) amalga oshirgan; 1951-yil oktyabr oyidagi Airline Guideda National va Northwest aviakompaniyalari tomonidan kuniga toʻqqizta mahalliy parvoz koʻrsatilgan. Nyuark aeroportidagi koʻplab reyslar Idlewildga koʻchirildi (1952-yilda Idlewild oʻrtacha kuniga 242 ta operatsiyani amalga oshirgan), chunki Nyuark 1952-yil fevralida vaqtincha yopildi: bunga 1951-yil dekabridan 1952-yil yanvarigacha Elizabeth shahrida yuz bergan uchta samolyot halokati sabab boʻldi. Parvozlar Idlewild va LaGuardia aeroportlariga yoʻnaltirildi, ular samolyotlarning suv ustidan uchib oʻtishiga imkon bergan, Nyuark atrofidagi zich aholi yashaydigan hududlar ustidan emas[41]. Nyuark aeroporti 1952-yil noyabrigacha yopiq boʻldi, keyin yangi parvoz yoʻnalishlari joriy etilib, samolyotlar Elizabethdan chetga yoʻnaltirildi[42]. 1951—1953-yillarda L-1049 Constellation va DC-7 samolyotlari paydo boʻldi va bir necha yil davomida LaGuardiadan foydalanmadi, bu esa Idlewildga koʻproq reyslarni olib keldi. 1957-yil aprel oyidagi Airline Guideda haftasiga jami 1 283 ta parvoz qayd etilgan, shundan qariyb 250 tasi Eastern Air Lines, 150 tasi National Airlines va 130 tasi Pan American aviakompaniyalariga toʻgʻri kelgan[manba kerak].

Manbalar

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (2004-yil 30-noyabr). „Governor Pataki and Mayor Bloomberg Announce Closing of Multi-Billion Dollar Agreement to Extend Airport Leases“. Press-reliz.  „The Port Authority has operated Idlewild and LaGuardia for more than 55 years. The original 50-year lease [with the City of New York] was signed in 1947 and extended to 2015 under a 1965 agreement.“
  2. ↑ „AirNav: John F Kennedy International Airport“. 1999-yil 14-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 16-iyul.
  3. ↑ „General Information“. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (2022-yil may). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 9-may.
  4. ↑ „JFK (KJFK): JOHN F KENNEDY INTL, NEW YORK, NY – UNITED STATES“. Aeronautical Information Services. Federal Aviation Administration (2020-yil 27-fevral). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 2-mart.
  5. ↑ „Top 25 U.S. Freight Gateways, Ranked by Value of Shipments: 2008“. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. United States Department of Transportation (2009). 2015-yil 24-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 30-avgust.
  6. ↑ „JFK Int'l Airport data at skyvector.com“. skyvector.com. FAA data effective May 15, 2025.
  7. ↑ „Airlines“. John F. Kennedy International Airport. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 27-iyun.
  8. ↑ Directory: World Airlines. Flight International (2007-yil 3-aprel), s. 86.
  9. ↑ „Service Providers – JFK Airport – Air Cargo – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey“. Panynj.gov. 2019-yil 4-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 22-fevral.
  10. ↑ Radka, Ricky „Airline Hub Guide: Which U.S. Cities Are Major Hubs and Why it Matters“. airfarewatchdog.com (2021-yil 23-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 28-fevral.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 James, Nancy „Best New York Airport – A Comparison of JFK, LaGuardia, and Newark“. Airlines Policy (2023-yil 3-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 5-oktyabr.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 „Welcome to JFK Airport Guide“. JFK Airport Guide. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 27-iyun.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 „JFK Airport: New York's Kennedy International Airport and Port Authority Flights“ (2024-yil 17-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 17-yanvar.
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 „N.Y. Airport Has Troubles“. Associated Press (1949-yil 4-avgust), s. 31. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 30-avgust.
  15. ↑ „Idlewild becomes Kennedy“ (1963-yil 6-dekabr), s. 1. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 30-avgust.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 „N.Y. airport takes name of Kennedy“. Associated Press (1963-yil 25-dekabr), s. 2. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 30-avgust.
  17. ↑ Idlewild's New Code is JFK. United Press International (1964-yil 1-yanvar), s. 40. „The FAA code became JFK at the beginning of 1964; the Airline Guide used JFK and it seems the airlines did too; the airlines must print millions of new baggage tags carrying the initials JFK“.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 18,4 18,5 „Trans World Airlines Flight Center (Now TWA Terminal A) at New York International Airport“. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (1994-yil 9-iyul). 2015-yil 2-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 11-iyun.
  19. ↑ „Tentative Site of 1,200-Acre City Airport Is Selected by Mayor at Idlewild, Queens“ (en-US). The New York Times (1941-yil 6-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  20. ↑ „New Airport Site Acquired by City; Title to Land for Defense Field in Idlewild Area of Queens Is Conveyed“ (en-US). The New York Times (1941-yil 31-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  21. ↑ Groot, Marnix „The History of JFK Airport - Grand Design“. Airporthistory.org (2019-yil 28-fevral). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 5-oktyabr.
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Amon, Rhonda. „Major Airports Take Off“ (1998-yil 13-may). 2015-yil 16-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 7-iyul.
  23. ↑ „Council Overrides Airport Name Veto; Insists by Vote of 19 to 6 on Designating Idlewild Field to Honor Gen. Anderson“ (en-US). The New York Times (1943-yil 25-iyun). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  24. ↑ „Addition to Idlewild Airport Approved; $5,054,000 Is Voted to Make Site Ready“ (en-US). The New York Times (1944-yil 21-iyun). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  25. ↑ "Trans World Airlines Flight Center (now TWA Terminal A) at New York International Airport". Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 14, 1994. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20120218161708/http://www.npclibrary.org/db/bb_files/Trans-World-Airlines-Flight-Centre.pdf. Qaraldi: July 7, 2012. 
  26. ↑ Cullman, Howard S.. „Tomorrow's Airport – A World Fair; Howard Cullman sets out his plan for a great terminal, a great spectacle (and no red ink).“ (en-US). The New York Times (1947-yil 8-iyun). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  27. ↑ „Idlewild Airport Officially Opened; Six Foreign Flag Carriers and Two Others Will Not Begin Operations for a Week“ (en-US). The New York Times (1948-yil 1-iyul). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  28. ↑ „Aviation: Hub of the World“ (1948-yil 12-iyul). 2009-yil 25-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 7-iyul.
  29. ↑ „IDLEWILD BEING EXPANDED; Will Be Extended From 79,280 Square Feet to 245,501“ (en-US). The New York Times (1949-yil 20-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  30. ↑ „New Control Tower for Idlewild“ (en-US). The New York Times (1952-yil 20-fevral). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  31. ↑ „Idlewild Capacity Will Be Enlarged“ (en-US). The New York Times (1952-yil 19-mart). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  32. ↑ „Expanded Facilities Planned at Idlewild“ (en-US). The New York Times (1953-yil 28-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-iyul.
  33. ↑ „Aerial Pic Looking WSW“. New York State Archives (1949-yil 31-dekabr). 2012-yil 13-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 2-iyun.
  34. ↑ „The lost runway of JFK?“. NYCaviation.com (2007-yil 21-iyul). 2014-yil 7-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 27-iyun.
  35. ↑ "First Jet Liner Seen Here Flies From Toronto in Hour; Avro Jet Liner Arrives Here From Canada", The New York Times, April 19, 1950. Accessed December 24, 2024. "The Avro jet liner, the first turbojet transport plane ever flown in the United States, arrived yesterday at New York International Airport, Idlewild, Queens, after a flight from Toronto that took slightly less than one hour.... Carrying three crew members, three passengers and the world's first 'jet-borne' airmail, the four-engined plane set a record for the 365-mile flight from Moulton Airport, Toronto, to Idlewild."
  36. ↑ "Avro Jet-Liner In New Record; From Toronto Malton Airport Made New. York Ideewild Airport in One Hour", The Daily Gleaner, April 19, 1950. Accessed December 25, 2024, via Newspapers.com. "A silver-colored Canadian-built Avro jetliner landed at New York's Idlewild Airport- at 10:33 A. M., EST,- today after flying from Toronto's Malton Airport in one hour and three minutes."
  37. ↑ British Airways Board v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, The Environmental Law Reporter, decided September 29, 1977. Accessed December 24, 2024. "Thus, in 1951 the Authority adopted a regulation prohibiting use of any of its facilities without permission. This rule vividly demonstrated the Port Authority's determination to compel the manufacture of quieter aircraft, a desire which was soon underscored by its refusal to accord landing rights to certain jet airplanes whose din was deemed intolerable to surrounding communities."
  38. ↑ "French Jet Clear To Use Idlewild; Twin-Engine Airliner Passes Noise Test--WilL Arrive May 2 on U.S. Tour", The New York Times, April 13, 1957. Accessed December 24, 2024. "France's twin-jet airliner, the Caravelle, has passed a noise test and received permission to operate at New York International Airport, Idlewild, Queens."
  39. ↑ Hudson, Edward. "French Jet Plane Cracks City's Ban; Caravelle Is First to Land Here After Civil Airport Regulation on Noise Others Were Barred", The New York Times, May 3, 1957. Accessed December 24, 2024. "A French jet airliner broke through New York's own 'sound barrier' yesterday.... The twin-engined plane -- exempted from the city's ban against jets -- became the first commercial jet to land at a New York City airport. The plane, the 500-mile-an-hour Caravelle, touched down at New York International Airport, Idlewild, Queens, at 3:47 P. M.... Until permission was granted to Sud Aviation on April 12, the bi-state agency had refused entry to jet aircraft at the city's major airports, including the British Comet and the Boeing 707. This policy was adopted formally in 1951 and was aimed at jet planes with asserted intolerable noise characteristics."
  40. ↑ "New Soviet Appeal To Land Jet Plane In City Is Rejected; A Last-Minute Request", The New York Times, September 4, 1957. Accessed December 24, 2024. "The State Department turned down today a new Soviet request for permission to land a Soviet jet airliner at Idlewild rather than at McGuire Air Force Base in New Jersey. The department said the Port of New York Authority would not permit the Soviet planes to land at its Idlewild Airport without advance noise-level tests.... The Soviet Embassy lodged last-minute objections to plans for the two TU-104 jet passenger planes to land at McGuire Air Force Base."
  41. ↑ "Newark Airport Stays Closed Pending Results of Inquiries; Safety Group Headed by Rickenbacker Set Up by U. S. and Airlines -- Take-Offs Over Water Pledged at La Guardia, Idlewild; Airport Closed Pending Inquiry", The New York Times, February 13, 1952. Accessed March 27, 2023. "With La Guardia and New York International (Idlewild) Airports in Queens taking over the bulk of Newark's former flights for the time being, it was also agreed to use their runways to enable planes to take off over water or over least-settled areas as much as possible.... The agreements were announced at the Commodore Hotel after a closed-door conference of five and a half hours, called by the Port of New York Authority as a result of three airplane crashes in Elizabeth, N.J., which have taken 116 lives in the last two months and which caused the closing of Newark Airport early Monday morning."
  42. ↑ Sharkey, John B. "Newark Liberty International Airport, A Postal History", New Jersey Postal History Society, May 2021. Accessed March 27, 2023. "The airport reopened on November 15, 1952, but only after a new runway was built. The runway directed at the city of Elizabeth was closed forever."

Adabiyotlar

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  • Bloom, Nicholas Dagen. The Metropolitan Airport: JFK International and Modern New York (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015) x, 233 pp.

Havolalar

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