Homofobiya

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  Homofobiya gomoseksualizm yoki lezbiyen, gey yoki biseksual (LGBT) sifatida aniqlangan yoki qabul qilingan odamlarga nisbatan bir qator salbiy munosabat va his-tuyg'ularni o'z ichiga oladi. [1] [2] [3] Bu nafrat, noto'g'ri qarash, nafrat, nafrat yoki antipatiya sifatida ta'riflangan. Irratsional qo'rquvga asoslangan bo'lishi mumkin. Diniy e'tiqodlar bilan ham bog'liq bo'lishi ehtimollidir. Transseksual va transseksual odamlarga nisbatan salbiy munosabat transfobiya deb ham ataladi. [4] [5]

Homofobiya heteroseksual bo'lmagan jinsiy orientatsiyadagi nuqson asosida kamsitish va zo'ravonlik kabi tanqidiy va dushmanona xatti-harakatlarda kuzatiladi. [1] [2] [6] Homofobiyaning tan olingan turlariga institutsional homofobiya, masalan, diniy homofobiya va davlat tomonidan homiylik qilinadigan homofobiya, bir jinsli odamlarni qanday tan olishidan qat'i nazar, boshdan kechiradigan ichki fobiya kiradi. [7] [8]

Etimologiya[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Jinsiy munosabatlar Qadimgi Yunonistonga borib taqalsa ham - miloddan avvalgi 8-6-asrlardan antik davrning oxirigacha ( tax. 600 AD ) - olimlar tomonidan gomofobiya deb atalgan va u o'rta asrlarda, ayniqsa islom va nasroniylik tarafdorlari tomonidan o'sib chiqqan gomoseksualizm va gomoseksuallarga nisbatan murosasizlikni tasvirlash uchun ishlatiladi, [9] bu atamaning o'zi nisbatan yangi. [10]

1960-yillarda psixolog Jorj Vaynberg tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan [11] gomofobiya atamasi (1) homo jinsiy so'zining o'zi neoklassik morfemalarning aralashmasi va (2) yunoncha fobiyadan olingan φόβος aralashmasidir. , phóbos, "qo'rquv", "morbid qo'rquv" yoki "nafratlanish" degan ma'noni anglatadi. [12] [13] [14] Vaynberg bu atamani nutqda ishlatgan birinchi shaxs hisoblanadi. [10] Gomofobiya so'zi birinchi marta Amerikaning " Screw " pornografik jurnalining 1969 yil 23 mayda nashri uchun yozilgan maqolada paydo bo'lgan, unda bu so'z geteroseksual erkaklarning boshqalarni gey deb o'ylashidan qo'rqishiga ishora qilish uchun ishlatilgan. [10]

1981 yilda gomofobiya birinchi marta The Times gazetasida (Londonning) Angliya cherkovining Bosh Sinodi gomoseksualizmni qoralashni rad etish uchun ovoz bergani haqida xabar berish uchun ishlatilgan. [15]

Biroq, so'zma-so'z qabul qilinganda, gomofobiya muammoli atama bo'lishi mumkin. Professor Devid AF Xaaganing aytishicha, zamonaviy foydalanish "gomoseksual odamlarga nisbatan keng ko'lamli salbiy his-tuyg'ular, munosabat va xatti-harakatlar" ni o'z ichiga oladi, bu fobiyalarning qabul qilingan ta'riflariga mos kelmaydigan xususiyatlar, "qattiq, mantiqsiz yoki g'ayritabiiy qo'rquv". belgilangan narsa." Ko'pincha ishlatiladigan gomofobiyani haqiqiy fobiyadan ajratib turadigan beshta asosiy farqlar keltirilgan. [16]

Turlari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

1977-yilda AQShning Florida shtati Mayami shahrida tashkil etilgan “ Save Our Children ” siyosiy koalitsiyasi tomonidan uy-joy, ish va jamoat joylarida jinsiy orientatsiya asosida kamsitishni taqiqlovchi yaqinda qabul qilingan okrug qarorini bekor qilish uchun foydalanilgan broshyura.

Gomofobiya turli shakllarda namoyon bo'ladi va bir qancha turli xil turlari taxmin qilingan, ular orasida ichki gomofobiya, ijtimoiy gomofobiya, hissiy gomofobiya, ratsional gomofobiya va boshqalar mavjud. [17] Shuningdek, gomofobiya, irqchilik va jinsiy aloqani toqat qila olmaydigan shaxsiyat buzilishi sifatida tasniflash g'oyalari mavjud edi. [18]

1992 yilda Amerika Psixiatriya Assotsiatsiyasi gomoseksualizmga qarshi stigmaning kuchini tan olib, Vasiylik kengashi tomonidan 2011 yil iyul oyida tasdiqlangan quyidagi bayonotni chiqardi: [19]

Gomoseksuallik o'z- o'zidan mulohaza yuritish, barqarorlik, ishonchlilik yoki umumiy ijtimoiy yoki kasbiy qobiliyatlarni buzishni anglatmasa-da, Amerika Psixiatriya Assotsiatsiyasi (APA) barcha xalqaro sog'liqni saqlash tashkilotlari, psixiatriya tashkilotlari va boshqa mamlakatlardagi individual psixiatrlarni o'z qoidalarini bekor qilishni talab qilishga chaqiradi. o'z qonunchiligiga ega bo'lgan mamlakatlar, bu gomoseksual xatti-harakatlar uchun kattalarning roziligini olish orqali jazolanadi. Bundan tashqari, APA ushbu tashkilotlar va shaxslarni gomoseksualizm bilan bog'liq stigmani qaerda va qachon sodir bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar kamaytirish uchun hamma narsani qilishga chaqiradi.

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Adams, Maurianne. Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice. Routledge, 2007 — 198–199 bet. ISBN 978-1135928506. 27-dekabr 2014-yilda qaraldi. „Because of the complicated interplay among gender identity, gender roles, and sexual identity, transgender people are often assumed to be lesbian or gay (See Overview: Sexism, Heterosexism, and Transgender Oppression). ... Because transgender identity challenges a binary conception of sexuality and gender, educators must clarify their own understanding of these concepts. ... Facilitators must be able to help participants understand the connections among sexism, heterosexism, and transgender oppression and the ways in which gender roles are maintained, in part, through homophobia.“  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Adams" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Renzetti, Claire M.. Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence. SAGE Publications, 2008 — 338 bet. ISBN 978-1452265919. 27-dekabr 2014-yilda qaraldi. „In a culture of homophobia (an irrational fear of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender [GLBT] people), GLBT people often face a heightened risk of violence specific to their sexual identities.“  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Renzetti" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Schuiling, Kerri Durnell. Women's Gynecologic Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2011 — 187–188 bet. ISBN 978-0763756376. 27-dekabr 2014-yilda qaraldi. „Homophobia is an individual's irrational fear or hate of homosexual people. This may include bisexual or transgender persons, but sometimes the more distinct terms of biphobia or transphobia, respectively, are used.“ 
  4. ↑ „webster.com“ (2008). 5-dekabr 2012-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 29-yanvar 2008-yil.
  5. ↑ Newport. „Religion, Same-Sex Relationships and Politics in Indiana and Arkansas“. Gallup (3-aprel 2015-yil). 5-avgust 2017-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 12-iyun 2016-yil.
  6. ↑ Meyer, Doug. Violence against Queer People: Race, Class, Gender, and the Persistence of Anti-LGBT Discrimination. Rutgers University Press. 
  7. ↑ Williamson, I. R. (1 February 2000). "Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men". Health Education Research 15 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1093/her/15.1.97. PMID 10788206. https://archive.org/details/sim_health-education-research_2000-02_15_1/page/97. 
  8. ↑ Frost, David M.; Meyer, Ilan H. (2009). "Internalized homophobia and relationship quality among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals". Journal of Counseling Psychology 56 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1037/a0012844. PMID 20047016. PMC 2678796. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2678796. 
  9. ↑ Anderson. „Homophobia (psychology and society)“. britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Qaraldi: 17-fevral 2015-yil.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Herek, Gregory M. (April 2004). "Beyond 'Homophobia': Thinking About Sexual Prejudice and Stigma in the Twenty-First Century". Sexuality Research and Social Policy 1 (2): 6–24. doi:10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6. http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/Herek_2004_SRSP.pdf.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Herek 2004" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ „Homophobia“. glbtq. 18-mart 2012-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 14-aprel 2012-yil.
  12. ↑ „Oxford Dictionaries“. 25-iyun 2011-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi.
  13. ↑ „American Heritage Dictionary“. 4-dekabr 2013-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi.
  14. ↑ „Online Etymology Dictionary“.
  15. ↑ Clifford Longley. „Homosexuality best seen as a handicap, Dr Runcie says“. The Times (28-fevral 1981-yil). „Let us recognize where the problem lies – in the dislike and distaste felt by many heterosexuals for homosexuals, a problem we have come to call homophobia.“. and Gledhill, Ruth. „New light on Archbishop of Canterbury's view on homosexuality“. The Times (7-avgust 2008-yil).
  16. ↑ Plummer, David. One of the boys. NY, NY: Routledge, 2016. ISBN 9781317712121. 15-avgust 2019-yilda qaraldi. 
  17. ↑ „The Riddle Homophobia Scale“. 4-sentabr 2006-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 1-iyun 2016-yil. from Allies Committee website, Department of Student Life, Texas A&M University
  18. ↑ "Intolerance and Psychopathology: Toward a General Diagnosis for Racism, Sexism, and Homophobia". Am J Orthopsychiatry 73 (2): 167–76. April 2003. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.73.2.167. PMID 12769238. http://content.apa.org/journals/ort/73/2/167. 
  19. ↑ „Position Statement on Homosexuality“. American Psychiatric Association. 
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