Gut microbiota

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
Escherichia coli, inson ichaklarida mavjud bo'lgan ko'plab bakteriyalar turlaridan biri

Ichak mikrobiotasi — bu umurtqali hayvonlarning, shu jumladan, odamlarning va hasharotlarning ovqat hazm qilish traktida yashovchi mikroorganizmlar, shu jumladan, bakteriyalar va arxeylar[1][2] Muqobil atamalarga ichak florasi (texnik jihatdan oʻsimliklarni bildiruvchi eskirgan atama) va ichak mikrobiomasi kiradi. Oshqozon-ichak metagenomi (baʼzan mikrobioma deb taʼriflanadi) ichak mikrobiotasining barcha genomlarining yigʻindisidir[3][4] Insonda ichak inson mikrobiotasining asosiy joylashuvidir[5] Ichak mikrobiotasi keng koʻlamli taʼsirga ega, jumladan, kolonizatsiya, patogenlarga qarshilik, ichak epiteliyasini saqlash, parhez va farmatsevtik birikmalarni metabolizatsiya qilish, immun funktsiyasini nazorat qilish va hatto ichak-miya oʻqi orqali xatti-harakatlarga taʼsir qiladi.

Ichak mikrobiotasining mikrobial tarkibi ovqat hazm qilish traktining mintaqalarida farq qiladi. Yo'g'on ichakda 300 dan 1000 gacha turli xil turlarni ifodalovchi Yerdagi har qanday yashash muhitida qayd etilgan eng yuqori mikrob zichligi mavjud[6] Biroq, ichak bakteriyalarining 99% taxminan 30 yoki 40 turdan keladi[7] Bakteriyalar, shuningdek, najasning quruq massasining 60% ni tashkil qiladi[8] Ichakdagi bakteriyalarning 99% dan ortigʻi anaeroblardir, ammo koʻrichakda aerob bakteriyalar[9] Taxminlarga ko'ra, inson ichak mikrobiotasi inson genomidagidan yuz baravar koʻp genlarga ega.

Umumiy koʻrinish[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Odamlarda ichak mikrobiotasi tananing boshqa joylariga nisbatan eng koʻp bakteriyalar va turlarning eng koʻp soniga ega[10] Odamlarda ichak florasi tugʻilgandan keyin bir-ikki yil oʻtgach shakllanadi, bu vaqtda ichak epiteliysi va u chiqaradigan ichak shilliq qavati ichak florasiga bardoshli va hatto uni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi tarzda birgalikda rivojlanadi. va bu ham patogen organizmlar uchun toʻsiqni taʼminlaydi[11][12]

Baʼzi ichak florasi va odamlar oʻrtasidagi munosabatlar nafaqat kommensal (zararli bo'lmagan birga yashash), balki oʻzaro munosabatlardir :700Ba'zi inson ichak mikroorganizmlari xun tolasini qisqa zanjirli yogʻ kislotalariga (SCFAs), masalan, sirka kislotasi va butirik kislotaga fermentatsiyalash orqali uy egasiga foyda keltiradi, ular keyinchalik xost tomonidan soʻriladi[10][13] Ichak bakteriyalari, shuningdek, vitamin B va K vitaminini sintez qilish bilan bir qatorda safro kislotalari, sterollar va ksenobiyotiklarni metaboliz qilishda ham rol oʻynaydi[5][13] SCFA va ular ishlab chiqaradigan boshqa birikmalarning tizimli ahamiyati gormonlarga oʻxshaydi va ichak florasining o'zi endokrin organ kabi ishlaydi[13] va ichak florasining disregulyatsiyasi koʻplab yalligʻlanish va otoimun sharoitlar bilan bogʻliq[10] [14]

Inson ichak mikrobiotasining tarkibi vaqt oʻtishi bilan, diet oʻzgarganda va umumiy salomatlik oʻzgarganda oʻzgaradi [10][14] 2016- yildan boshlab tizimli koʻrib chiqish probiyotik bakteriyalarning tijoratda mavjud bo'lgan baʼzi shtammlari bilan oʻtkazilgan klinikadan oldingi va kichik insoniy sinovlarni o'rganib chiqdi va markaziy asab tizimining ayrim kasalliklari uchun foydali boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan eng koʻp potentsialga ega boʻlganlarini aniqladi[15]

Tasniflar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Ichak mikrobiotasining mikrobial tarkibi ovqat hazm qilish traktida turlicha. Oshqozon va ingichka ichakda odatda nisbatan kam sonli bakteriyalar mavjud[6][16] Yo'g'on ichak, aksincha, Yerdagi har qanday yashash muhitida qayd etilgan eng yuqori mikrob zichligini o'z ichiga oladi[17] ichak tarkibining grammiga 10 12 hujayragacha [6] Bu bakteriyalar 300 dan 1000 gacha turli turlarni ifodalaydi[6] [16] Biroq, bakteriyalarning 99% taxminan 30 yoki 40 turdan keladi [7] Ichakda ularning ko'pligi natijasida bakteriyalar ham najasning quruq massasining 60% ni tashkil qiladi [8] Ichak florasida zamburug'lar, protistlar, arxeya va viruslar ham mavjud, ammo ularning faoliyati haqida kam ma'lum[18]

Ichakdagi bakteriyalarning 99% dan ortig'i anaeroblardir, ammo ko'richakda aerob bakteriyalar yuqori zichlikka erishadi [5] Taxminlarga ko'ra, bu ichak florasi inson genomidagidan taxminan yuz baravar ko'p genlarga ega [19]

Candida albicans, ichakda xamirturush sifatida o'sadigan dimorf qo'ziqorin

Ichakdagi ko'plab turlar uy egalaridan tashqarida o'rganilmagan, chunki ularning ko'pchiligini etishtirish mumkin emas[16][7][20] Ko'pchilik odamlar tomonidan baham ko'rilgan oz sonli mikroblarning asosiy turlari mavjud bo'lsa-da, mikroblar populyatsiyasi turli shaxslar orasida keng farq qilishi mumkin [21] Hayot tarzi, ovqatlanish va yosh o'zgarishi bilan ba'zi o'zgarishlar yuz berishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, inson ichida mikroblar populyatsiyasi vaqt o'tishi bilan o'zgarmas bo'lib qoladi [6][22] Inson mikrobiomi loyihasi inson ichak mikrobiotasini va tananing boshqa joylarini yaxshiroq tasvirlashga kirishdi.

Inson ichaklaridagi to'rtta dominant bakteriya filasi - Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota va Pseudomonadota[23] Aksariyat bakteriyalar Bacteroides, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium[6][7] Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus va Bifidobacterium avlodlariga tegishli[6] [7] Escherichia va Lactobacillus kabi boshqa avlodlar kamroq darajada mavjud[6] Bacteroides jinsiga mansub turlarning o'zi ichakdagi barcha bakteriyalarning taxminan 30% ni tashkil qiladi, bu esa bu jinsning xost faoliyatida ayniqsa muhim ekanligini ko'rsatadi [16]

Ichakda aniqlangan qo'ziqorin turlariga Candida, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, Trametes, Pleospora, Sclerotinia, Bullera va Galactomyces va boshqalar kiradi[24][25] Rodotorula ko'pincha yallig'lanishli ichak kasalligi bo'lgan odamlarda, Candida esa ko'pincha gepatit B sirrozi va surunkali gepatit B bilan kasallangan odamlarda topiladi[24]

Arxeylar ichak florasining yana bir katta sinfini tashkil qiladi, ular fermentatsiyaning bakterial mahsulotlari metabolizmida muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Industralizatsiya mikrobiotadagi o'zgarishlar bilan bog'liq va xilma-xillikning qisqarishi ma'lum turlarning yo'q bo'lib ketishiga olib kelishi mumkin; 2018 yilda tadqiqotchilar inson mikrobiotasining biobank omborini taklif qilishdi[26]

Enterotip[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Enterotip - bu tirik organizmlarning yoshi, jinsi, tana vazni yoki milliy bo'linishlari bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan, inson ichak mikrobiomasidagi bakteriologik ekotizimiga[27] Uzoq muddatli ovqatlanish enterotipga ta'sir qiladigan belgilar mavjud[28] Insonning uchta enterotipi taklif qilingan[27] [29], ammo ularning qiymati shubhali[30]

Tarkibi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Bakteriya[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Oshqozon[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Oshqozonning yuqori kislotaliligi tufayli ko'pchilik mikroorganizmlar u erda yashay olmaydi. Oshqozonning asosiy bakterial aholisiga quyidagilar kiradi: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptokokklar[5] :720Helicobacter pylori gram-manfiy spiral bakteriya bo'lib, oshqozon shilliq qavatida surunkali gastrit va oshqozon yarasi kasalliklarini keltirib chiqaradigan va oshqozon saratoni uchun kanserogen hisoblanadi<ref >

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