Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika

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Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika ( STEM ) - bu fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematikaning alohida, ammo o'zaro bog'liq texnik fanlarini birlashtirish uchun ishlatiladigan umumiy atamadir. Bu atama odatda maktablarda taʼlim jarayoni va oʻquv dasturlarini tanlashda qoʻllaniladi. U ishchi kuchini rivojlantirish, milliy xavfsizlik muammolari (chunki STEM-ma'lumotli fuqarolarning yetishmasligi bu sohada samaradorlikni kamaytirishi mumkin) va immigratsiya siyosatiga ta'sir qiladi.

STEMga qaysi fanlar kiritilganligi haqida universal kelishuv mavjud emas; xususan, STEMdagi fan psixologiya, sotsiologiya, iqtisod va siyosatshunoslik kabi ijtimoiy fanlarni o'z ichiga oladimi yoki yo'qmi. Qo'shma Shtatlarda bular odatda Milliy Fan Jamg'armasi (NSF)[1], Mehnat Departamentining ish izlovchilar uchun O*Net onlayn ma'lumotlar bazasi[2] hamda Ichki xavfsizlik departamenti kabi tashkilotlar tomonidan kiritilgan[3]. Birlashgan Qirollikda ijtimoiy fanlar alohida toifalarga bo'lingan va ularning o'rniga gumanitar fanlar va san'at bilan birga guruhlangan, 2020-yilda SHAPE (Ijtimoiy fanlar, gumanitar fanlar va san'at uchun) nomini olgan yana bir HASS qisqartmasi (Gumanitar fanlar, san'at va ijtimoiy fanlar) hosil qiladi[4][5].

Terminologiya[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Tarix[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

1990-yillarning boshlarida STEM qisqartmasi turli oʻqituvchilar tomonidan SMETdan koʻra foydalanilgan, jumladan Charlz E. Vela, fan va muhandislik taʼlimida ispan tilini rivojlantirish markazi (CAHSEE) asoschisi va direktori[6][7][8]. Bundan tashqari, CAHSEE Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugidagi STEM instituti deb nomlangan iqtidorli talabalar uchun yozgi dasturni boshladi. Dasturning tan olingan muvaffaqiyati va STEM taʼlimi sohasidagi tajribasiga asoslanib[9], Charlz Veladan fan, matematika va muhandislik taʼlimi boʻyicha koʻplab NSF va Kongress panellarida xizmat qilish soʻralgan[10]; NSF birinchi marta STEM qisqartmasi bilan shu tarzda tanishtirildi. Qisqartmani ishlatgan birinchi NSF loyihalaridan biri 1998-yilda tashkil etilgan Massachusets Amherst universitetining Fan, Texnologiya, Muhandislik va Matematika oʻqituvchilari taʼlimi boʻyicha hamkorlik tashkiloti STEMTEC[11] edi 2001-yilda Fan idorasining o'qituvchilar va olimlar uchun ishchi kuchini rivojlantirish bo'yicha direktori doktor Piter Faletraning taklifi bilan qisqartma Rita Kolvell va Milliy Fan Jamg'armasining(NSF) boshqa fan ma'murlari tomonidan qabul qilindi. Ilm-fan idorasi ham STEM qisqartmasini erta qabul qilgan[12].

  • A-STEM (arts, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics(san'at, fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika))[13];ko'proq e'tibor va insonparvarlik va san'atga asoslangan.
  • eSTEM (environmental STEM(ekologikSTEM))
  • GEMS (girls in engineering, math, and science); ayollarni ushbu sohalarga kirishga undash dasturlari uchun foydalaniladi[14][15].
  • MINT (mathematics, informatics, natural sciences, and technology)[16]
  • SHTEAM (science, humanities, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics(fan, gumanitar fanlar, texnologiya, muhandislik, san'at va matematika))[17]
  • SMET (science, mathematics, engineering, and technology); oldingi nomi[18]
  • STEAM (science, technology, engineering, agriculture, and mathematics); qishloq xo'jaligini qo'shilgan[19]
  • STEAM (science, technology, engineering, and applied mathematics);amaliy matematikaga ko'proq e'tibor berilgan[20]
  • STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics)[21]
  • STEEM (science, technology, engineering, economics, and mathematics); soha sifatida iqtisodiyotni qo‘shadi[22]
  • STEMIE (science, technology, engineering, mathematics, invention and entrepreneurship); ixtiro va tadbirkorlikni haqiqiy dunyo muammolarini hal qilish va bozorlarga STEMni qo'llash vositasi sifatida qo'shadi[23].
  • STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine)[24]
  • STM (scientific, technical, and mathematics or science, technology, and medicine(ilmiy, texnik va matematika yoki fan, texnologiya va tibbiyot))[25]
  • STREAM (science, technology, robotics, engineering, arts, and mathematics);sohalar sifatida robototexnika va san'atni qo'shadi[26]

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Iqtiboslar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ „Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Primer“. Fas.org. 2018-yil 9-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 21-avgust.
  2. ↑ „Research, Development, Design, and Practitioners STEM Occupations“. Onetonline.org (2021-yil 16-noyabr). 2021-yil 16-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 2-dekabr.
  3. ↑ „Archived copy“. 2021-yil 24-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 16-noyabr.
  4. ↑ British Academy. „SHAPE“. SHAPE (2020). 2021-yil 25-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 14-yanvar.
  5. ↑ Black. „SHAPE – A Focus on the Human World“. Social Science Space (2020-yil 2-noyabr). 2021-yil 15-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 14-yanvar.
  6. ↑ „CAHSEE - About CAHSEE“. The Center for the Advancement of Hispanics in Science and Engineering Education. 2019-yil 14-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 3-oktyabr.
  7. ↑ „STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics - Main“. stem.ccny.cuny.edu. 2018-yil 4-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 3-oktyabr.
  8. ↑ Group, Career Communications. Hispanic Engineer & IT (en). Career Communications Group, 1996. 2018-yil 3-oktyabrda qaraldi. 
  9. ↑ „President Bush Honors Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring | NSF - National Science Foundation“ (en). National Science Foundation. 2018-yil 6-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 3-oktyabr.
  10. ↑ „CAHSEE - Founder's Biography“. The Center for the Advancement of Hispanics in Science and Engineering Education. 2018-yil 11-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 3-oktyabr.
  11. ↑ „STEMTEC“. Fivecolleges.edu. — „The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Teacher Education Collaborative (STEMTEC) was a five-year, $5,000,000 project funded by the National Science Foundation in 1998. Managed by the STEM Education Institute at UMass and the Five Colleges School Partnership Program, the collaborative included the Five Colleges--Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke, and Smith Colleges, and UMass Amherst--plus Greenfield, Holyoke, and Springfield Technical Community Colleges, and several regional school districts.“. 2019-yil 5-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 27-oktyabr.
  12. ↑ „Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists“.
  13. ↑ Shenzhen City Longgang District Education Bureau, China. „The Guidance of A-STEM Curriculum Construction in Longgang District Shenzhen City“. g.gov.cn (2018-yil 27-avgust). 2019-yil 12-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 29-aprel.
  14. ↑ „Girls in Engineering, Math and Science (GEMS)“ (en). GRASP lab (2015-yil 6-aprel). 2017-yil 9-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 28-mart.
  15. ↑ „Annual Report - Lee Richardson Zoo“. Lee Richardson Zoo. 2017-yil 8-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 28-mart.
  16. ↑ Locherer, M.; Hausamann, D.; Schüttler, T. (July 22, 2012). "Practical science education in remote sensing at the DLR_School_Lab Oberpfaffenhofen". 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6351922. Qaraldi: September 16, 2022. Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika]]
  17. ↑ adelphiacademy. „SHTEAM“ (en-US). Adelphi Academy. 2021-yil 12-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 27-may.
  18. ↑ Hallinen. „STEM Education Curriculum“. ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA (2015-yil 21-oktyabr). 2020-yil 25-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 7-mart.
  19. ↑ „STEAM: Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture and Mathematics Education in Agroecology“. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 16-sentyabr.
  20. ↑ „Virginia Tech and Virginia STEAM Academy form strategic partnership to meet critical education needs“. Virginia Tech News (2012-yil 31-iyul). 2020-yil 13-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 27-may.
  21. ↑ „STEAM Rising: Why we need to put the arts into STEM education“. Slate (2015-yil 16-iyun). 2018-yil 16-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 10-noyabr.
  22. ↑ Yordanova Krumova, Milena (September 2021). "STEEM and re-Project-Based Learning Design: A Case Study about Learning Economics by IT Students at School". STEM in Bulgaria, Europe and the World. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354528577_STEEM_and_re-Project-Based_Learning_Design_A_Case_Study_about_Learning_Economics_by_IT_Students_at_School. Qaraldi: September 16, 2022. Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika]]
  23. ↑ „Home“. STEMIE Coalition. 2020-yil 13-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 25-iyul.
  24. ↑ „Youth Stemm Award“. ysawards.co.uk. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 13-iyul.
  25. ↑ Junianto, Erfian; Nurbayanti Shobary, Mayya; Rachman, Rizal (August 7, 2018). "Classification of Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) Domains with PSO and NBC". IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8674271. Qaraldi: September 16, 2022. Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika]]
  26. ↑ „How to Connect Science, Technology, Engineering, Robotics, Arts, and Math in the Classroom“. EDWEB.net (2016-yil 19-iyul). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 5-oktyabr. 
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