Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya

Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika ( STEM ) - bu fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematikaning alohida, ammo o'zaro bog'liq texnik fanlarini birlashtirish uchun ishlatiladigan umumiy atamadir. Bu atama odatda maktablarda taʼlim jarayoni va oʻquv dasturlarini tanlashda qoʻllaniladi. U ishchi kuchini rivojlantirish, milliy xavfsizlik muammolari (chunki STEM-ma'lumotli fuqarolarning yetishmasligi bu sohada samaradorlikni kamaytirishi mumkin) va immigratsiya siyosatiga ta'sir qiladi.

STEMga qaysi fanlar kiritilganligi haqida universal kelishuv mavjud emas; xususan, STEMdagi fan psixologiya, sotsiologiya, iqtisod va siyosatshunoslik kabi ijtimoiy fanlarni o'z ichiga oladimi yoki yo'qmi. Qo'shma Shtatlarda bular odatda Milliy Fan Jamg'armasi (NSF)[1], Mehnat Departamentining ish izlovchilar uchun O*Net onlayn ma'lumotlar bazasi[2] hamda Ichki xavfsizlik departamenti kabi tashkilotlar tomonidan kiritilgan[3]. Birlashgan Qirollikda ijtimoiy fanlar alohida toifalarga bo'lingan va ularning o'rniga gumanitar fanlar va san'at bilan birga guruhlangan, 2020-yilda SHAPE (Ijtimoiy fanlar, gumanitar fanlar va san'at uchun) nomini olgan yana bir HASS qisqartmasi (Gumanitar fanlar, san'at va ijtimoiy fanlar) hosil qiladi[4][5].

Terminologiya[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Tarix[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

1990-yillarning boshlarida STEM qisqartmasi turli oʻqituvchilar tomonidan SMETdan koʻra foydalanilgan, jumladan Charlz E. Vela, fan va muhandislik taʼlimida ispan tilini rivojlantirish markazi (CAHSEE) asoschisi va direktori[6][7][8]. Bundan tashqari, CAHSEE Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugidagi STEM instituti deb nomlangan iqtidorli talabalar uchun yozgi dasturni boshladi. Dasturning tan olingan muvaffaqiyati va STEM taʼlimi sohasidagi tajribasiga asoslanib[9], Charlz Veladan fan, matematika va muhandislik taʼlimi boʻyicha koʻplab NSF va Kongress panellarida xizmat qilish soʻralgan[10]; NSF birinchi marta STEM qisqartmasi bilan shu tarzda tanishtirildi. Qisqartmani ishlatgan birinchi NSF loyihalaridan biri 1998-yilda tashkil etilgan Massachusets Amherst universitetining Fan, Texnologiya, Muhandislik va Matematika oʻqituvchilari taʼlimi boʻyicha hamkorlik tashkiloti STEMTEC[11] edi 2001-yilda Fan idorasining o'qituvchilar va olimlar uchun ishchi kuchini rivojlantirish bo'yicha direktori doktor Piter Faletraning taklifi bilan qisqartma Rita Kolvell va Milliy Fan Jamg'armasining(NSF) boshqa fan ma'murlari tomonidan qabul qilindi. Ilm-fan idorasi ham STEM qisqartmasini erta qabul qilgan[12].

  • A-STEM (arts, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics(san'at, fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika))[13];ko'proq e'tibor va insonparvarlik va san'atga asoslangan.
  • eSTEM (environmental STEM(ekologikSTEM))
  • GEMS (girls in engineering, math, and science); ayollarni ushbu sohalarga kirishga undash dasturlari uchun foydalaniladi[14][15].
  • MINT (mathematics, informatics, natural sciences, and technology)[16]
  • SHTEAM (science, humanities, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics(fan, gumanitar fanlar, texnologiya, muhandislik, san'at va matematika))[17]
  • SMET (science, mathematics, engineering, and technology); oldingi nomi[18]
  • STEAM (science, technology, engineering, agriculture, and mathematics); qishloq xo'jaligini qo'shilgan[19]
  • STEAM (science, technology, engineering, and applied mathematics);amaliy matematikaga ko'proq e'tibor berilgan[20]
  • STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics)[21]
  • STEEM (science, technology, engineering, economics, and mathematics); soha sifatida iqtisodiyotni qo‘shadi[22]
  • STEMIE (science, technology, engineering, mathematics, invention and entrepreneurship); ixtiro va tadbirkorlikni haqiqiy dunyo muammolarini hal qilish va bozorlarga STEMni qo'llash vositasi sifatida qo'shadi[23].
  • STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine)[24]
  • STM (scientific, technical, and mathematics or science, technology, and medicine(ilmiy, texnik va matematika yoki fan, texnologiya va tibbiyot))[25]
  • STREAM (science, technology, robotics, engineering, arts, and mathematics);sohalar sifatida robototexnika va san'atni qo'shadi[26]

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Iqtiboslar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ „Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Primer“. Fas.org. 9-oktabr 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 21-avgust 2017-yil.
  2. ↑ „Research, Development, Design, and Practitioners STEM Occupations“. Onetonline.org (16-noyabr 2021-yil). 16-noyabr 2021-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 2-dekabr 2021-yil.
  3. ↑ „Archived copy“. 24-avgust 2021-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 16-noyabr 2021-yil.
  4. ↑ British Academy. „SHAPE“. SHAPE (2020). 25-yanvar 2021-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 14-yanvar 2021-yil.
  5. ↑ Black. „SHAPE – A Focus on the Human World“. Social Science Space (2-noyabr 2020-yil). 15-yanvar 2021-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 14-yanvar 2021-yil.
  6. ↑ „CAHSEE - About CAHSEE“. The Center for the Advancement of Hispanics in Science and Engineering Education. 14-fevral 2019-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 3-oktabr 2018-yil.
  7. ↑ „STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics - Main“. stem.ccny.cuny.edu. 4-oktabr 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 3-oktabr 2018-yil.
  8. ↑ Group, Career Communications. Hispanic Engineer & IT (en). Career Communications Group, 1996. 3-oktabr 2018-yilda qaraldi. 
  9. ↑ „President Bush Honors Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring | NSF - National Science Foundation“ (en). National Science Foundation. 6-noyabr 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 3-oktabr 2018-yil.
  10. ↑ „CAHSEE - Founder's Biography“. The Center for the Advancement of Hispanics in Science and Engineering Education. 11-noyabr 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 3-oktabr 2018-yil.
  11. ↑ „STEMTEC“. Fivecolleges.edu. — „The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Teacher Education Collaborative (STEMTEC) was a five-year, $5,000,000 project funded by the National Science Foundation in 1998. Managed by the STEM Education Institute at UMass and the Five Colleges School Partnership Program, the collaborative included the Five Colleges--Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke, and Smith Colleges, and UMass Amherst--plus Greenfield, Holyoke, and Springfield Technical Community Colleges, and several regional school districts.“. 5-iyun 2019-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 27-oktabr 2016-yil.
  12. ↑ „Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists“.
  13. ↑ Shenzhen City Longgang District Education Bureau, China. „The Guidance of A-STEM Curriculum Construction in Longgang District Shenzhen City“. g.gov.cn (27-avgust 2018-yil). 12-iyul 2019-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 29-aprel 2019-yil.
  14. ↑ „Girls in Engineering, Math and Science (GEMS)“ (en). GRASP lab (6-aprel 2015-yil). Qaraldi: 28-mart 2017-yil.
  15. ↑ „Annual Report - Lee Richardson Zoo“. Lee Richardson Zoo. Qaraldi: 28-mart 2017-yil.
  16. ↑ Locherer, M.; Hausamann, D.; Schüttler, T. (July 22, 2012). "Practical science education in remote sensing at the DLR_School_Lab Oberpfaffenhofen". 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6351922. Qaraldi: September 16, 2022. Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika]]
  17. ↑ adelphiacademy. „SHTEAM“ (en-US). Adelphi Academy. 12-iyun 2021-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 27-may 2021-yil.
  18. ↑ Hallinen. „STEM Education Curriculum“. ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA (21-oktabr 2015-yil). 25-fevral 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 7-mart 2019-yil.
  19. ↑ „STEAM: Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture and Mathematics Education in Agroecology“. Qaraldi: 16-sentabr 2022-yil.
  20. ↑ „Virginia Tech and Virginia STEAM Academy form strategic partnership to meet critical education needs“. Virginia Tech News (31-iyul 2012-yil). 13-yanvar 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 27-may 2013-yil.
  21. ↑ „STEAM Rising: Why we need to put the arts into STEM education“. Slate (16-iyun 2015-yil). 16-oktabr 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10-noyabr 2016-yil.
  22. ↑ Yordanova Krumova, Milena (September 2021). "STEEM and re-Project-Based Learning Design: A Case Study about Learning Economics by IT Students at School". STEM in Bulgaria, Europe and the World. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354528577_STEEM_and_re-Project-Based_Learning_Design_A_Case_Study_about_Learning_Economics_by_IT_Students_at_School. Qaraldi: September 16, 2022. Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika]]
  23. ↑ „Home“. STEMIE Coalition. 13-may 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 25-iyul 2019-yil.
  24. ↑ „Youth Stemm Award“. ysawards.co.uk. Qaraldi: 13-iyul 2022-yil.
  25. ↑ Junianto, Erfian; Nurbayanti Shobary, Mayya; Rachman, Rizal (August 7, 2018). "Classification of Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) Domains with PSO and NBC". IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8674271. Qaraldi: September 16, 2022. Fan, texnologiya, muhandislik va matematika]]
  26. ↑ „How to Connect Science, Technology, Engineering, Robotics, Arts, and Math in the Classroom“. EDWEB.net (19-iyul 2016-yil). Qaraldi: 5-oktabr 2022-yil. 
"https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan,_texnologiya,_muhandislik_va_matematika&oldid=3543916" dan olindi