Buddizmda ma’rifat

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Oʻzbekcha maʼrifat (inglizcha: enlightenment; maʼnosi: yuksalish, maʼrifatga erishish) soʻzi turli Buddizm atamalarining, ayniqsa bodhi va vimutti atamalarining tarjimasidir. Bodhi soʻzi (/ˈboʊdi/; Sanskrit: बोधि; Pali: bodhi) Buddaning bilim yoki donishmandligi, yaʼni oydinlash gan aqlini bildiradi. Bud- feʼl ildizi „uygʻonmoq“ degan maʼnoni bildiradi, va shu sababli uning asl maʼnosi uygʻonishga yaqin. Buddi atamasi boshqa hind falsafiy oqimlarida ham ishlatilgan boʻlsa-da, u eng koʻp Buddizm kontekstida qoʻllanadi. Vimutti esa zanjirlar va toʻsiqlardan ozodlikni yoki ulardan xalos boʻlishni bildiradi.

Enlightenment (maʼrifat) atamasi Gʻarb dunyosida XIX asr ingliz tilshunosi Max Müllerning tarjimalari orqali mashhur boʻlgan. U Gʻarbda koʻpincha transsendental (lotincha: transcendere; tarjimasi: chegaradan oshmoq) haqiqat yoki haqiqiylikka umumiy tushuncha sifatida ishlatilgan. Ushbu atama, shuningdek, bir nechta boshqa buddaviy atama va tushunchalarni tarjima qilishda ham ishlatiladi; masalan, dastlabki tushuncha (prajna (sanskrit), vu (xitoycha), kensho va satori (yaponcha)), bilim (vidya); bezovta qiluvchi his-tuygʻular va istaklarning „oʻchishi“ (nirvana); va oliy Buddalik (samyak sam bodhi) ga erishish, bu Siddharta Gautama misolida namoyon boʻlgan.

Buddaning uygʻonishi aynan nimadan iborat boʻlgani aniq emas. U hushyorlik va dhyāna (meditatsiya)ning birlashuvi orqali istaklarning kelib chiqishi va yoʻq boʻlishini tushunishga erishish orqali ozodlikka yetilganini bildirgan boʻlishi mumkin. Dhyana va tushuncha oʻrtasidagi munosabat – buddaviy amaliyotning asosiy muammolaridan biri boʻlib, Budda yoʻlining tamal toshi hisoblanadi.

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