Andoza:Giyohvandlik lugʻati

Giyohvandlik va qaramlik lugʻati
	Qaramlik – sezilarli zarar va salbiy oqibatlarga qaramay, giyohvand moddalarni (shu jumladan spirtli ichimliklarni) doimiy ravishda iste’mol qilish bilan tavsiflanadigan biopsixosotsial kasallik; Giyohvandlik vositasi – qayta-qayta iste’mol qilinganda giyohvand moddalarni iste’mol qilish buzilishining sezilarli darajada yuqori ko‘rsatkichlari bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan psixoaktiv moddalar, asosan giyohvand moddaning miyaga ta’siri bilan bog‘liq reward systems; tobelik – stimulning takroriy ta’siri to‘xtatilganda (masalan, dori-darmonlarni qabul qilish) abstinent sindrom bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan moslashish holati; giyohvand moddalarga moslashish yoki teskari tolerantlik – ma’lum bir dozada dori vositasining takroran qo‘llanilishi natijasida uning ta’sirining kuchayib borishi; Giyohvand moddalardan voz kechish – giyohvand moddalarni takroriy iste’mol qilishni to‘xtatish bilan yuzaga keladigan alomatlar; Jismoniy qaramlik – doimiy jismoniy-somatik alomatlarni o‘z ichiga olgan bog‘liqlik (masalan, charchoq va delirium tremens); Psixologik tobelik – ijtimoiy qaramlik jismoniy qaramlikka nisbatan juda yengil deb qaraladi (masalan, yetarli iroda kuchi bilan uni yengish mumkin); kuchaytiruvchi stimuli – ular bilan juftlangan xatti-harakatlarning takrorlanish ehtimolini oshiradigan stimullar; mukofot stimuli – miya tabiatan ijobiy va istalgan yoki yondashish kerak bo‘lgan narsa sifatida talqin qiladigan stimullar; taʼsirchanlik – stimulga qayta-qayta ta’sir qilish natijasida kuchaytirilgan javob; giyohvand moddalar isteʼmoli buzilishi – moddalarni qo‘llash klinik va funksional jihatdan ahamiyatli buzilishlarga yoki stressga olib keladigan holat; bardoshlilik – ma’lum bir dozada takroriy qo‘llash natijasida dori vositasining pasaytiruvchi ta’siri;
	k; m; t;

Andoza hujjati

Ushbu adnozada quyidagi havolalardan ushbu atamalarning taʼriflari ishlatiladi (eslatma: ular qisqaroq bo‘lishi uchun biroz o‘zgartirilgan):

Andoza manbalar roʻyxati; kengaytirish uchun o‘ng tomondagi koʻrsatish tugmasini bosing →

Manbalar

↑ „Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders“, Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience, 2nd, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009 — 364–375-bet. ISBN 9780071481274.
↑ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 15 (4): 431–443. PMID 24459410. PMC 3898681. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3898681. "Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict."
↑ "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". New England Journal of Medicine 374 (4): 363–371. January 2016. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMID 26816013. PMC 6135257. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6135257. "Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder."

Foydalanish

Asosiy foydalanish

Bu lug‘atni boshqa sahifaga o‘tkazish uchun yuqorida ko‘rsatilganidek maqsadli sahifaning manba kodiga quyidagilarni kiriting:

{{Giyohvandlik lugʻati}}

Ixtiyoriy parametrlar

Barcha ixtiyoriy parametrlarga ega andoza: {{Giyohvandlik lugʻati | width= | align= | collapse= | reverse citation order= }}

Ixtiyoriy parametrlarning ta’riflari

|width= – specify the width of the table (e.g., in pixels, 400px).
|collapse= – specify if the table is collapsed (e.g., yes)
|align= – specify the alignment of the table on the target page. The default alignment is |align=right; the only alternative alignment option is |align=left.
|reverse citation order= – reverses the order of the first 2 citations in this template if |reverse citation order=yes. This parameter is only useful on certain pages that cite these 2 references in the opposite order as was defined in this template.

Tajriba oʻtkazish uchun qumloq va test sahifasidan foydalaning.
Ushbu andoza ostsahifalari.

[Addiction_glossary-1] „Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders“, Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience, 2nd, New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009 — 364–375-bet. ISBN 9780071481274.

[Cellular_basis-2] Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 15 (4): 431–443. PMID 24459410. PMC 3898681. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3898681. "Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict."

[Brain_disease-3] "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". New England Journal of Medicine 374 (4): 363–371. January 2016. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMID 26816013. PMC 6135257. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6135257. "Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder."

[1]

[2]

[3]